English Analyzing Macbeth - Act 4 Scene 3 Line 66 to 102 Essay

English Analyzing Macbeth - Act 4 Scene 3 Line 66 to 102 - Essay Example were friends before the murder of King Duncan, Malcolm is not willing to accept him as a friend until Macduff proves that he does earnestly care for his nation. After Malcolm lies to Macduff that he is so hopelessly lecherous that the women of Scotland will not be able to quench his lust, Macduff responds in a rational manner. He points out that â€Å"Boundless intemperance / In nature is a tyranny† (66-67), disapproving the way Malcolm has described himself as a person who has no control over his base desires. According to Macbeth, such limitless lust had been the reason for the dethroning of and fall of many kings. But he assures Malcolm that there is no need to lose hope. Though such a character in itself is a vice, Kings can afford to have such pleasures if they need it. It is possible to hide the lecherous aspect of a King’s character, and there could be many â€Å"willing dames† who would fulfill his desires. In fact, there could be more such dames than the â€Å"vulture† in Malcolm can devour. Though Macduff is appalled by the lack of morals involved in such an arrangement, he is willing to compromise on i t for the greater good of replacing the treacherous Macbeth who had committed the unpardonable sin of killing the King. Moreover, Malcolm is the rightful inheritor of the throne. Malcolm responds that being lecherous is not the only bad aspect of his character. He says that he is guilty also of â€Å"stanchless avarice†. He suggests that he may â€Å"cut off the nobles for their lands, / Desire his jewels and his other’s house†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (79-80). He fabricates the picture of a ruthless brute to describe himself, saying how his â€Å"more-having would be as a sauce / To make me hunger more†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (81-82). It may even lead him to quarrels with those who are good and loyal people in the nation, for stealing their wealth. Malcolm’s intent here is to find out how Madcuff would react to such propositions, so that he can judge whether he is loyal to him and the nation.

Psychodynamic Counselling Concept Essay Example for Free

Psychodynamic Counselling Concept Essay In this essay I mainly discuss the theory and concepts behind psychodynamic counselling, followed by brief discussions of the practice and skills involved in working as a psychodynamic counsellor, and the client’s experience of counselling. Theory/concepts Psychodynamic counselling is mainly concerned with unconscious processes; it takes for granted that humans possess a largely unconscious inner world. Freud argued that while the conscious mind is governed by logic, the unconscious mind is not, and functions in a very literal way, motivated only to experience pleasure, unable to delay gratification. Although Psychodynamic counselling works with the conscious mind, it mainly focuses on unconscious processes. We have key figures in our lives – e.g. parents, carers, and partners are referred to as ‘objects’, and relationships with them termed ‘object relationships’. The phrase ‘object’ refers to the Freudian concept of the target, or object of the instinct. Object relationships embody not only actual relationships but also the ways that the conscious mind distorts them. The unconscious is viewed as dynamic and purposeful, having huge impact on emotions and behaviour. Psychodynamic theory posits that humans are driven by a need to remain unaware of uncomfortable truths that emerge from the unconscious, experiencing many conflicting needs and demands, e.g. between one’s own wishes and those of others. To deal with conflicts people develop ‘defences’, these include ‘repression’, a form of forgetting, ‘denial’, claiming that something is not upsetting when really it is, and ‘rationalisation’, where a story is created to account for that which feels uncomfortable. ‘Projection’ involves attributing to others characteristics unacceptable to the self, making assumptions about them based on the need to avoid threat. Psychodynamic counselling encourages the client to recognise and accept the troubling attribute, a process called ‘reintrojection’. To engage in projection a defence mechanism called, ‘splitting’, is used when one is finding it too  threatening to accept two opposing traits, such as being capable of both love and hate. It is natural to develop defences, but problems come with their overuse, e.g. using denial so often that problems are not faced. Applying defences too rigidly causes difficulties, and it’s when they start to disintegrate that individuals might seek counselling. Psychodynamic counselling holds that psychological symptoms emerge from the inner world. e.g., developmental problems or conflict may lead to anxiety or self-harm. The psychodynamic approach seeks to address these issues at their roots, as well as alleviating symptoms. Psychodynamic counselling is based on developmental theory, and asserts that childhood experiences affect adult personality. It is understood that episodic memory is physically unavailable to children under three, but that implicit memory and body memory function from an earlier age. Neuroscience now supports the concept that early emotional experiences influence brain development; the psychodynamic approach posits that the client-counsellor relationship is crucial to the process of change. This is considered in terms of three concepts, the first being transference: â€Å"All those impulses experienced by the patient in relation with the analyst which are not newly created by the objective analytic situation but have their source in early – indeed, the very earliest – object relations†. The counsellor may become aware of feelings in him/herself indicating issues that the client is unable to express; this is ‘counter transference’. The ‘real relationship’ is that which is free of the previous two dynamics. Within the client-counsellor relationship, elements of the client’s inner world can be revealed and become available for healing (Howard, 2011, p.22-25) Practice/skills Psychodynamic counselling employs a number of basic skills that are common to other approaches. It shares the core values of the Rogerian approach: empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard. The ability to listen is of course crucial. Summarising and reflecting back to the client what s/he has said are necessary skills, as well as being able to say things that the client will find difficult to hear. The following are skills specific to Psychodynamic counselling; Gaining informed consent involves informing the client of the nature, risks and benefits of counselling at the appropriate time; not so soon as to scare him/her away, but in good time. For this purpose it is advisable for the counsellor to be aware of when the assessment phase is concluding, as this is the best time to invite informed consent. The counsellor’s attention to the client is one element that facilitates change. The counsellor must alternate between close listening to the client and attention to how s/he will respond, alert to transference and counter transference. To be aware of both the conscious and unconscious elements of the client’s communication, the counsellor must practice ‘evenly suspended attention’. The counsellor must listen to unconscious communication as well as the explicit information the client is presenting. This includes being able to consider why the client is behaving and speaking as they are, linking this to issues arising in transference, and being able to raise such issues with the client. The counsellor will also make interpretations based on ‘extra transference’ – grasping connections between events, thoughts and behaviour unrelated to the client-counsellor relationship. The client’s experience Initially a client experiences the formal behaviour of the counsellor, sessions have boundaries of time, space, and confidentiality and these factors contribute to a sense of safety and predictability. The client should come to feel ‘held’ by the counselling experience, enabling him/her to feel able to explore painful issues and memories: â€Å"a safe space to lower one’s defences, be vulnerable and be held together.† Receiving a counsellor’s undivided attention contributes to this; Dibs In Search of Self illustrates an emotionally deprived child’s first experiences of undivided and non-judgemental attention, enabling him to blossom in self-discovery. A client goes through a process of developing informed consent, the transference relationship begins once enough trust is established, as it may be experienced as threatening. The client develops an attachment to the counsellor as someone who can help and care for them, and thus may become fearful both of their own needs and of being let down .The ending of the relationship can be painful for the client, and the counsellor should allow plenty of time to deal with issues around this. In conclusion, psychodynamic counselling functions to bring to awareness of the unconscious processes that govern the client’s inner life. A variety of practices are employed in order to supply a client with a sense of security as well as a source of challenge in order to facilitate positive change. References AXLINE, V. M., 1990. Dibs, In Search of Self. London: Penguin FREUD, A., 1937. The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence. London: Hogarth HOWARD, S., 2011. Psychodynamic Counselling in a Nutshell. 2nd edition. London: Sage. HOWE, D., 1993. On Being a Client. London: Sage

Assessing Professional Boundaries Between Emergency Nurses And Doctors Nursing Essay

Assessing Professional Boundaries Between Emergency Nurses And Doctors Nursing Essay Nurse is a profession that serves the need of society in the area of health. The roles of nurses have expanded because they carry out multiple roles in healthcare. In this paper I will discuss on Professional boundaries in my workplace context. As describe by Hawkin et al (1991), professional is define as someone who highly skilled, whereas boundaries is a line or border that marks a limit and context is the circumstances in which an event occurs. If we look around us, we will see that every living being has its own limit and bound by its own territory in which it dwell and defend against any sort of invasion. Boundaries have it own fundamental place in life. It fundamental that even criminals who thrive on violating the integrity of others have their own boundaries. Unlike the law, which is absolute, rules allow things to function smoothly because everyone within a particular context agrees upon it. Rules can refer to a game or office procedures. Our moral values provide our own internal guidance about what is wrong or what is not in sense of good value, stated; Raymond Lloyd (2009). Im a qualified registered nurse, working in Emergency and Trauma Department (ED), ED provides 24 hours emergency care. Operating twenty-four hours, my ED provides the different level of care and patient needs and it also provides a comprehensive service which includes pre-hospital resuscitation, stabilization and definitive care. Service also includes Disaster Management, Domestic Violence, and Emergency Medicine. The purpose of this paper is to access the professional boundaries of roles and practice between nurses and doctors at Emergency and Trauma Department. In this paper, I will highlight and analyzed the concept of boundaries and contextualize the theory in the political context of professions, the nature of the professional relationship, provides information to help members recognize potential crisis situations, debate issues of boundaries evidence within my practice and suggests some strategies in managing professional boundaries on defibrillator. Occasionally, most of the nurses in my ED today are still nurses seemed uncertain about the limitation or boundary of their own work. But, sometimes boundaries are often consider not clear-cut issue of right or wrong. Its dependent upon numerous factors and required careful thinking through of all the issue, always keeps in mind that all action must be in the best interest of patient care. All the staffs in ED are required to take Basic Life Support (BLS), and Advance Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) and Paediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS). Why we need this training? Because its involves advanced medical skills, certification and training. Is purposely offered for medical professionals such as doctor, assistant medical officer (AMO) and nurses, since lay public do not have the necessary knowledge and skills except for BLS where lay public can go for training but in different syllabus compared to health care provider. Although, ED staff especially nurses and AMO underwent the training and qualified, pass the courses in theory and practically. It still not a ticket for them to ride in fast lane because, they must be well trained, recertification and monitored by experienced support staff such as nurses or AMO, senior doctor or specialist. Why we still have to be monitored? Because, from my experience although the doctor pertain his MBBS (in  Latin  Medicinae Baccalaureus, Baccalaureus Chirurgiae or Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of surgery) from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, (2010) but he or she still new in service, some are still not competent to use the defibrillator machine. Sometimes doctors also required to attend this short-course of BLS, ACLS or PALS because anyone whos works in ED must to be well trained with these courses. Example like in resuscitation, the goal of  ACLS  is to begin and identify what is wrong with the patient and when it is the best time can perform defibrillators to patient and also a long term treatment plan can be created.  These short-courses  guidelines are constantly changing, due to new information in the medical field, and frequent (every 5 year for ACLS, PALS and 3 years for BLS) as these standard guidelines provided by Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia, recertification is required for each personal after they are certified. Recertification also ensures that the material is always fresh, so that a healthcare provider or ED staff can confidently make the right decision in a critical moment. As a trained nurse at ED, providing encompasses and comprehensive treatment plan is essential step whereby sometimes I have to perform defibrillation when a patient having ventricular tachycardia (VT) with hemodynamical instability in order for proper treatment plans. My workplace environment is dedicated and confined to the critically ill patients with unstable hemodynamic and in need of urgent emergency life saving treatment which stipulates that all trauma patients requiring prompt and urgent treatment within a prescribed and stipulated time is observed strictly.   My ED, nurses do defibrillation because of the recertification and trust gain from senior doctors and specialist or consultant. According to General Medical Council (2001), doctor can delegate medical care to nurses, or AMO if they had the trust and believe it is the best for the patients but in count that the nurses must experienced and competent person. Unfortunately, some doctors always take an advantage of this procedure because of some nurses are seemed uncertain about their own limitation or boundaries of working practice. Usually this procedure should be performed by them instead of nurses. Perform defibrillation to patient has been commonly practiced by most of the senior nurses and this knowledge have been past down to new intern; I meant the newly in service staff nurse. It seems likely this positive act becoming norm, among the nurses and other paramedic especially in ED. As describe by Burkhdart Nathaniel (2008), different culture have it own different approach by intera cting individual, consisting of learned pattern of values, belief, behaviour and custom shared by the group. My ED is interdisciplinary department multidisciplines. These approaches change the professional boundaries. As define by Avis, Drysdale, Gregg, Neufeldt Scargill (1983), professional boundaries is a behaviours where by boundaries are crossed. Boundary includes the concept of limits, lines or borders. Boundary can be crossed, can be violated, or misconduct can come to mind. Crossing of a boundary involves a brief act or behaviour outside of the helpful zone. See appendix. Apparently, it divided into two substitution which is vertical substitution and horizontal substitution. The vertical of my workplace is by hierarchy starting from top to bottom. Examples as specialist is the highest of the hierarchy give order to hierarchy below them like medical officer and the order move on till the lowest hierarchy. See appendix. While the horizontal substitution is the interaction between workers in same phase or level. Examples like para-professional (Nurses, AMO, Cardiovascular Technician), where both are in same a group who had a similar roles and same hierarchy grade. Therefore in emergency situation, performing defibrillation the act just dont bound on doctor shoulder only. It can be either nurses or AMO, using their expertise and clinical judgments in diagnosed and to save patient life. As these working boundaries happen in my ED, realized it or not these act has an impact towards the patient. ED is a unique place for clinical experience where most of the cases are sudden or unexpected incident that requires immediate attention and need the staff on high alert in providing fast and effective care as well as treated according to their severity. Unfortunately, it hard for new doctor to conduct the situation without any experience. In addition, the aim of my workplace is to become an excellent working env ironment and culture through suitable working conditions, teaching and humanistic approach for all new staff in every categories will failed if the competency, skill and knowledge of new staff is doubted in performing the procedure. The reason to have a standard guideline in ED is to provide professional guidance in making decisions with specific practice, according to their severity. While allowing flexibility in professional judgment and meets Nursing and Midwifery Board Malaysia criteria for guideline development for a safe standard of practice and facilitate the  nursing profession to demonstrate responsibility and accountability in practice. To uphold a high standard of safe nursing care by competent and caring nurses through the implementation of regulatory processes and code of conduct established in Nursing Act 1950. The disadvantage in my unit is the shortage of doctor in recovery area, where their present is do come helpful if the patient place at recovery develop complication such as VT. As experienced nurse, providing an excellent work and comprehensive service with the knowledge and skill can make me become autonomous. The patient who are acutely ill were not being assessed and treated quickly eno ugh, it will deteriorate their condition, Norris Melby (2005). Since the workload in ED increases prior to the amount of a patient had burden the existing nurses role in ED. Sometimes situation at ED a bit chaos with multiple task had to be done at the same time such as; had to be chaperon, send blood specimen to Lab, send patient for X-Ray and as well as documented patient data since ED operates, based on the Total Hospital Information System  (T.H.I.S.). ENB/DoH (2001) explained, in accessing the effectiveness management of information and associated technology which is now part of patient and client care management. Meanwhile, the doctor are facing the same issue as their also had a shortage issue of working personnel. This impact the excellent service provided in patient care due to load of workload. According to Halcomb et al (2002), in term of cost to the health system, workforce implication and value to consumer, alternate cause to the nurse and paramedic should be explored. Therefore the nurses manager in my unit should encourage each staff to attend courses to increase each knowledges especially in cardiac care management. In any professional relationship there is an inherent power imbalance. Nurses have a responsibility to ensure that relationship based on plans and goals in objective and the outcome of interaction between professional with para-professional. It means it is the responsibility of the nurse to maintain their professional and personal boundaries, in the best interest of patient. When a nurse crosses that boundary, they are generally behaving in unprofessional manner and misusing the power in the relationship recognized by Masterson (2002). It seem, some of the nurses missing the chance to build up its own core principles by taking more expanded roles said Radcliffe, 2000. Most of professional practitioner like doctor is delighted to see nurses take over his job like perform defibrillation. This regarded as basic activities and bored for them. But there is some dispute, were some nurses uncertain and disagreed about the changing work boundaries and expended rule would make it harder for n urses to undertake nursing task. Most of the nurses insist that their main concern was nursing care. The scope of professional practice; UKCC, 1992 support role expansion providing it does not result in unnecessary fragmentation of patient care or lead to inappropriate delegation of work. In concluding this issue I have analyzed the concept of boundaries in context of nursing care. My advice can be categories into three; engagement for future collaboration involving in clinical management, moving away from the traditional relationship, with differences in power and influence, nurses and doctors are now becoming equal partners in the clinical field with professional respect, diplomacy and sensitivity in helping and supportive. Although it is important to understand each professions roles and responsibilities, as well as areas of conflict and disagreement, it is the mutual understanding of nurses and doctors will lead, the way to true clinical collaborative in ED. The nature of emergency practice makes it even more vital towards communicate and clarify the ways in which, relationship can be affected by vibrant relations in provide fast and effective patient friendly services for our patients, their family and the community within excellent working culture and humanistic approach.

Dawsons Creek Value :: essays research papers

A seminal one-hour drama series, â€Å"Dawson’s Creek† chronicles with wry humor the undeniably intense period of awakening known as the teenage years. A startlingly fresh and realistic approach to adolescence, bringing an edgy, keen perception to the turmoil of that time in life, â€Å"Dawson’s Creek† in its first two seasons ranked as one of the highest-rated shows among female teen viewers. Set in a picture-postcard Boston suburb, just off of the Atlantic Ocean, this coming-of-age series explores the blooming self-awareness and growing pains that go hand-in-hand with the triumphs of growing up. Wisely intelligent and yet naively open, four teens are at the heart of this drama as they unknowingly embark on the road less traveled, going against the norm in the paths they choose. Together in this passage from adolescence to young adulthood, the series stars James Van Der Beek (â€Å"Varsity Blues†), Katie Holmes (â€Å"GO!,† â€Å"Disturbing Behavior,† â€Å"Teaching Mrs. Tingle†), Joshua Jackson (â€Å"The Skulls,† â€Å"Urban Legend†) and Michelle Williams (â€Å"Dick,† â€Å"Halloween: H20†). John Wesley Shipp (â€Å"Sisters†), Mary-Margaret Humes (â€Å"History of the World, Part I†), Nina Repeta (â€Å"Radioland Murders†), Mary Beth Peil (â€Å"The King and I† on Broadway), Meredith Monroe (â€Å"Dangerous Minds† the series) and Kerr Smith (â€Å"Flight 180†) also star. Oblivious to how well he is growing into his good looks, Dawson Leery (Van Der Beek) is a teenaged Steven Spielberg fanatic who is charmingly obsessive and passionate about his love of movies. As he returns to Capeside for his junior year of high school after spending the entire summer in Philadelphia with his mom (Humes), Dawson must face the rift with his longtime best friend. Joey Potter (Holmes), the tomboy and emerging beauty who lives down the creek with her sister Bessie (Repeta), is still reeling from her break-up with Dawson and what she perceives as his ultimate betrayal in turning in her father for dealing drugs. While Dawson tries to embrace a newfound devil-may-care lease on life, the ever-sarcastic Pacey Witter (Jackson) has been grounded somewhat by his tumultuous relationship last year with Rhode Island transplant Andie McPhee (Monroe). Next door to Dawson, Jen Lindley (Williams) has moved back home with her Grams (Peil), along with Andie’s brother Jack (Smith). On the home front, Dawson’s dad (Shipp) starts a new position as Capeside High School’s new varsity football coach. Together, these friends learn that growing up is never as easy as it seems in the movies. Blindly testing the waters towards young adulthood, the astute teens shed their childlike innocence and endure the compromise of morality that accompanies so-called maturity.

Est 310.2.1-05 (Company Q)

EST1 – Ethical Situations in Business A small local grocery stores disadvantages in a metropolitan areas EST1 Task 1 Being a small, local grocery store chain in a major metropolitan area does not come without its challenges. National and regional chains are frequently forcing small and locally owned stores to close their doors.For this reason, as well as the huge obligations to the social responsibilities required by their communities and customers alike pushes both the small business owner as well as the larger corporations to be able to adjust their organizations goals and objectives to balance not only their goal to be profit driven but to also be socially and ethically perceptive with the way they conduct business and operate their stores. Recently Company Q has chosen to close two store locations that operated in areas where crime rates were statistically higher within the city.The store closures are being driven by consistent losses the stores experienced year over year. If the stores have consistently lost money year over year, we need to analyze the reasons as to why. To take the social responsible approach at analyzing this question; we would first need to understand our customer demographic for each of the geographical locations. For example, if one of our stores is located in a highly populated Hispanic neighborhood and we are promoting Ethnic Asian foods, we could not expect these foods to sell at the same rate as we would handmade corn tortillas.Taking an ethical and cultural marketing approach to sell foods that are Hispanic-centric strongly supports the business and ethical approach that would be needed for our store to successfully show a profit. When we stop to understand our customer demographics and their communities in which they live, we then can recognize what is needed for our business to prosper within the community. After many years of customer requests Company Q, began offering a limited selection of health conscience and organi c products in their stores.Offering organic and environmentally friendly products in response to our customers’ requests is a large step in forming a social contract with our customers instead of merely offering then what we feel they need. Soliciting feedback from our customers provides us with the means to understand what they want and what they need. Offering a high end products to our customers that neither have the financial ability to afford the high costs that accompany high end products, nor do they have the desire to purchase these products to help Company Q’s bottom line.In fact it will actually drive our results in the opposite direction. Our product choices must be targets to the consumer within our communities. Ethnic foods must be customary to the neighborhoods in which they are being offered. The marketing of our stores in cultural or racially specific communities must be stocked with the products that meet the needs of our customers in those communities . It takes very minimal effort to understand our customers, but that minimal effort makes the difference between a store being successful or failing.There are multiple sources that can be used to help us understand our customer’s cultural and social desires. To gain a simple understanding of the cultural needs for a Hispanic – centric neighborhood can begin with a simple Google search on Hispanic Market Research. For example when preforming the following Google search we learned. â€Å"Market Research Hispanics† â€Å"According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the terms Hispanic (and Latino) refer to people â€Å"whose origins are from Spain, the Spanish-speaking countries of Central or South America, the Caribbean, or those identifying themselves generally as Spanish, Spanish-American, etc.Origin can be viewed as ancestry, nationality, or country of birth of the person or person’s parents or ancestors prior to their arrival in the United States. † His panics can be of any race. There are more than 48 million Hispanics in the United States. Latinos now account for 16% of the American population. The 32 million Latinos of Mexican origin account for around 66% of the Hispanic population. Hispanics accounted for more than half of all of the growth in the U. S. population that occurred between 2000 and 2009.Latinos also are expected to be responsible for more than half of the growth in the U. S. population between 2010 and 2015. With an estimated buying power of $616 billion, Latinos of Mexican heritage represent the single most influential segment of the Hispanic market. Mexicans in the United States account for 59% of all Hispanic buying power. On a per capita basis, however, Cubans are the most affluent of the major Hispanic population segments. Their per capita buying power is substantially higher than that of Mexicans ($32,724 vs. $19, 426).The vast majority (92%) of Hispanics under 18 were born in the United States as were about 47% of those 18 and over. Mexicans are most likely to be U. S. -born. More education leads to higher-paying jobs and increasing affluence among high-acculturation Latinos. High-acculturation Hispanics are more likely than their low-acculturation counterparts to work as managers and professionals (19% vs. 6%). They are twice as likely to have a household income of $75,000 or more (37% vs. 19%) and are much more likely to own their home (62% vs. 40%) (Census Bureau, 2012 www. marketresearch. om ). † Preforming a simple marketing search on the Hispanic cultural give us insight as to how we can begin to market and set ourselves apart in the marketplace. How we can currently target and begin to build a marketing strategy that will ensure the future growth and the economic sustainability of our stores within a Hispanic – centric neighborhood. Currently Company Q operates under the policy of disposing of day-old products, this a perfect example where our management team is mi ssing out on a great public relations and corporate social responsibility opportunity.When approach by the area’s food bank to donate day-old products that would otherwise been thrown away, our management team declined. Management being more focused on the possible loss of revenue due to the potential increase in fraud and stealing that could be done its employees who could claim that that they were donating the food. One thing that we need to understand it the actual cost associated with and or the actual / perceived benefits. Our company will write –off any product that needs to be disposed of due to the shelf life expiration date.The products are disposed if in a dumpster and therefore currently ends the usefulness of the product from the company’s perspective. If we are paying for the products by weight or volume, we will incur a greater disposal rates from the waste removal company for the disposal of those unsellable products instead of donating them to a local food bank. This concern of a possible increase in expenses does not begin to look at the tax benefits that could be received by the donating of the product to a local food bank as well as other possible economic impacts that this policy can have on the economy of our community.Another concern that we need to be aware of is the impact that our policy to throw away on day-old products will have on employees moral. If we’ve communicated to our employees that we will not be socially contentious to our local communities, then what is the message that we are delivering to our employees since they are part of our communities. How will they relate that to how valued they feel as an employee for Company Q? In our technology and media driven society it would e foolish not to except a socially aware employee or customer to film the disposal of the food that we may have not been able to sell, but it could easily be donated to our local food banks to help those in need. The potentia l of the negative publicity and feedback from such an event would be devastating to a small chain stores such as ours. The above mention concerns addressed not only some of the potential financial impacts but also the possible social capital losses that we could face in our current position.Thankfully, we do not need to pay out much financially or in employee efforts to make a substantial difference in our stores and neighborhood communities. One delivery van can be used at the end of each day to deliver the products that would have otherwise been thrown away to our local food bank. The food can be unloaded by the food bank staff while the food bank manager shares with the Manager or Supervisor of our company the impacts that this donation will have on the community. This same information can be taken back and share with the store employees.The minimal time spent delivering and unloading the products daily at the local food banks in a minor change in the daily operations for the sto re, but will have an overall impact to the community that will consistently strengthen our relationship within in the local communities, our relationships with our employees as well as enhancing our brand across our chain of stores. References * Census Bureau (2012). Hispanic Market: market research reports. Marketresearch. com. Retrieved from http://www. marketresearch. com/Marketing-Market-Research-c70/Demographics-c81/Hispanic-Market-c1692/

Kea Case study Essay Example

Kea Case study Essay Example Kea Case study Essay Kea Case study Essay Kea Case Study- Marketing issues and future recommendations Subsequent to my study of Keas case, below Is a brief description of the marketing issues that I have observed and my recommendations for future. 1. Kea has this brand image of low cost modern furniture. Though this brand perception is great for value conscious modern families, this perception might not be helping Kea in gaining greater traction with the high income people. Kea has still not been able to come out completely of Its image as a European brand. Infant some of the challenges that It aced Initially while entering American market Is a testimony to that. Initially when It entered American market, the Sales were relatively low because the furniture and Its dimensions were more appropriate for European customers. Later when it started designing and dimensioning furniture and other accessories per American tastes, the Sales shot up. Therefore it is important for Kea to continue to design its furniture and accessories keeping in view local cultures to be able to effectively meet their needs. Secondly Kikes business model is different from traditional furniture places. One Is expected to pick up these large flat modular furniture boxes at the store, drive them home, inbox them and then assemble the pieces. Now this can be psychologically burdensome for a lot of customers who are not good with assembling and with the tools. This could potentially discourage quite a segment of potential customers. Recommendations: Understand the local demographics and culture more closely to be able to more effectively design the marketing campaigns. Low cost sometimes can create this Image of low quality products. And so I would also commend to Kea to Incorporate strict quality control mechanism with Its suppliers to make sure the quality of its products doesnt go down. I would recommend Kea to highlight in its marketing campaigns both -value as well as quality of Kikes products. Secondly, for the people who may get scared at the very thought of picking up the heavy boxes, unfixing them and then assembling them, my recommendation would be to come up with staggered delivery and assembly options for the customers for an additional cost. Also If Kea can replace written assembly Instructions with DVDs, I hint that would be a very smart move which will bring down the furniture returns and thus improve companys bottom line. 2. While offering low cost good quality furniture is one of the strengths of Kea, it can also lead to concerns and a perception of not long lasting products because of the low prices. And while the cost of the products has been going down consistently primarily as a result of Kea bringing more local suppliers on board, It still depends on European suppliers to meet Its International supply chain obligations. As competition with other low cost furniture tillers becomes fierce, Kea may be at a disadvantage if it continues to source material from Europe. Recommendations: I would recommend Kea to target young demographics and highlight its low cost leadership, good quality and modern attributes In Its marketing campaigns to further reinforce and consolidate Its brand postponing for the long and open up more local manufacturing facilities to lower its dependence on European imports to further drive down its prices as the competition with the other local retailers heats up. Keas has been mainly promoting its products via distribution of product dialogues. And they seem to distribute these within surrounding areas of the store. Now, furniture is a high involvement product in my view and people might be willing to travel some distance to buy if they can it at affordable prices with good quality. Secondly, Kikes products seem to cater to value conscious young modern people and to that segment of the population it doesnt seem to market aggressively enough. This segment of the population is definitely more active on social media on the internet and so if Kea is not using the social media platform more effectively in its advertising forts that would be a problem. They also have not signed up any celebrities to be the brand ambassadors of the products which might not be working out for them. Recommendations: I would therefore recommend that the catalogues be distributed among the target segments (students, young modern value conscious families) in areas little farther from the stores as well. They can take advantage of the college/ university campuses and sporting events to distribute those catalogues to promote their brand. I also recommend incorporating social media marketing campaigns as one of the marketing strategies. Kea could also promote their brand more aggressively in print media and especially in the magazines catering to value conscious modern families and students. And finally they could sign up some celebrities to be brand ambassadors of their products. 4. Kea stores are generally located farther from the main business centers or the population hubs. They are also few in numbers. This may be a problem since they are not conveniently located to encourage people to drive by and check out their products. On top if Kea is also not aggressively marketing to get those people to visit the stores that will sure become a robber in gaining incremental market share. I also observed that Kea faced long lines at times in their stores which the customers are not going to like. Recommendations: My recommendations would be for Kea to sign up more franchises to expand the distribution, build more stores in strategic areas complimenting companys overall business model and strategy. Kea could possibly consider tie-ups with other furniture brands/outlets to increase its reach and presence. Kea should continue to innovate, improve their store designs, expand on the payment methods and integrate more technology to improve its store operations.

A male-centered society Essays

A male-centered society Essays A male-centered society Essay A male-centered society Essay On the other hand, Steinbeck presents Curley’s wife as sexual temptation and trouble-maker. She is a beautiful woman who constantly shows off her beauty to the men on the ranch. She dresses inappropriately/inadequately for a woman living on the farm and being married the boss’ son. When she is seen for the first time in the bunk house, she has â€Å"full, rouged lips †¦. heavily made up. Her finger nails are red† and she wears â€Å"red †¦ feathers† on her â€Å"red mules†. (page 34) By presenting her wearing a lot of red, the writer suggests that she symbolizes danger and love. Being the boss’ son’s wife, men on the ranch see her rather as a dangerous temptation that as a beautiful woman. She cannot provide any sex because she is Curley’s wife and the only thing she can cause is trouble. Curley’s wife begins to be presented in a sympathetic way as the story progresses. Finally, Steinbeck offers a sympathetic view of Curley’s wife in chapter 5 by allowing her to voice her unhappiness and her own dream for a better life. She dies shortly after her confession in the barn reinforcing the men’s vision that there is no place for a woman on the farm. â€Å"Ranch with a bunch of guys on it ain’t no place for a girl, especially like her! † (page 58) Men’s lifestyle at the time meant they were always travelling and never settle down and get married. In the men’s vision this is a world structured around them and brothels. Opposite to Curley’s wife, George’s girl represents the devoted and loving wife or girlfiend, the woman who every man dreams to have as a wife. It seems like the writer wants to suggest that there were also good women in the 1930s society even if they were a minority. George talks with tenderness (gentelness) and regret about having a â€Å"girl† when he talks about letting Lennie away, settle down and have a stable life. Aunt Clara is introduced by George as a caretaker character. She is not Lennie’s mother, but she is blood relative and has taken Lennie to look after him when his mother died. She is presented as a â€Å"little old fat woman† (page 113) but when she is talked about it is in a respectful tone. She symbolises the loving and protective mother, the writer’s vision of wholesome femininity. Moreover, she is an authoritative figure. We can see that in the last pages of the novel when she appears in Lennie’s dream before his dead. â€Å"I tol’ you an’ tol’ you†, she says telling Lennie off because he did another â€Å"bad thing†. In the contrary, Curley’s wife’s mother is introduced by Curley’s wife as the controlling woman, the â€Å"ol’ lady† who â€Å"stole† (page 100) her letter from a guy who promised her that will â€Å"put [her] in the movies† (page 99). Curley’s wife’s mother symbolizes the possessive mother who wants her daughter to comply with the rules of early 20th century of being a wife and being submissive to the husband she was belonging to. She is, also, a protective mother who worried she was â€Å"on’y fifteen† and too young to have an independent life.

Oskar Schindler Essays - Oskar Schindler, Amon Gth, Krakw Ghetto

Oskar Schindler Essays - Oskar Schindler, Amon Gth, Krakw Ghetto Oskar Schindler Oskar Schindler was a wealthy German industrialist, who made much of his wealth by employing Jewish men and women in his various factories. In the Movie ?Schindler?s List? it starts off with Schindler is a restaurant with many high ranking Nazi officers eating there. He starts off by buying a officer a bottle of expensive wine, but it does not end there. Before the night is gone he has boughten dinner for all of the officers. This is how he made friends, friends with power. At this point the War was already underway and Schindler seized an opportunity to make some money. Thinking ahead he hires a Jewish accountant that he believes is very qualified for that position. At first this accountant is careful the way he acts around Schindler because Schindler is a member of the Nazi Party and fears for his life. The point of the movie in which Schindler starts to view the Jewish people differently is when the Nazis start to flush out the ghettos. From a hilltop he watches especially a little girl walking through the streets like she is abandoned. At this time he starts to pull his favors from those officers he treated to dinner a while back. He meets Geoth, a SS officer that is known for his cruelty in the Concentration Camps. Schindler starts to gain the trust and admiration of Goeth and he takes advantage of that friendship. He tells Goeth that he will pay him a certain amount of money for each Jew to work for him. As an excuse he tells the officers that it is merely ?cheap labor? to be used in his enamelware factory. For each person on the list he has listed also their specialty. Later he starts another factory, but this time the workers make bullets and shells. Once again he uses Jews as the workers but this time he is making no profits because the shells the workers make do not work. Schindler adjusted the machines to do so. By this time the war is almost over, so Schindler took to the road like many other Nazi officials. At his departure all his workers are present and they give him a paper with all their signatures with a short letter in case he is captured by one of the allied powers. From their he starts to break down saying that he could have saved more lives by selling his car and gold Nazi pin. Soon he gets into his car and starts to journey to another place. At the very end of the movie it shows all the ?Schindler Jews? and they all place a rock on his tomb. I believe that the Holocaust should never be forgotten because it should never happen again. This story, which was first told in a book called ?Schindler?s Ark?, had a great affect on me because it was so graphic and I will probably never see anything like it again for the rest of my life. For that reason it will also be a lasting one. The small girl in a red coat that Schindler was watching was only one of four places in the movie that had color. I believe that the meaning of the color was meant to show the harshness of the Nazi?s during the Holocaust. Near the end of the movie it shows the same girl with the colored coat laying on the wagon dead with many other people also. I think Oskar Schindler was a great hero if the movie was true, but his wife who is still alive thinks otherwise. In a interview with her she stated that her late husband really isn?t all that he?s cracked up to be. But the fact is that he saved many people and that alone would make someone a hero. The Schindler Jews definitely think he is a hero because after the war Schindler tried opening up other business, but they all failed miserably. He ended up going bankrupt. The Schindler Jews found out about that and invited him to Jerusalem and gave him money to help him survive. Their is also a memorial of him on a famous street in Jerusalem. I think Steven Speilberg?s reasons for making

Cultural Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cultural Anthropology - Essay Example In fact, the latter part of the Neolithic Age showed that these people also developed pottery especially those group found in the Near East. When it comes to society, the Hunter society is considered flat since there is no hierarchical authority and the social structure is egalitarian. The hunters are usually grouped in a band that has an average of 15 members. On the contrary, the Neolithic Man are usually grouped in tribes with at least â€Å"150 up to 2000 members† ( Rigby, 2000). However, like the hunter society, studies about Neolithic Man also revealed that hierarchy is not evident in their society. Many scholars believed that both societies had â€Å" primitive communism† wherein they all equally worked hard for the benefit of the community. Also, the social life of these groups mainly focused on the home and their families. The â€Å" primal religion† of these two groups are similar. These societies believed in a concept of â€Å"god† that existed in nature. God was magical for them since he existed in forms such as thunder, fire, lightning which they showed much respect. These two groups also believed that people have spirits and that they travel into another dimension. Even in the hunter society, burial was practiced which illustrated their respect for the dead body. Shamans or witchdoctors were also recognized as people who can heal or communicate with spirits. In short, religious beliefs already pervaded the life of early man.

Critical State Soil Mechanics (Geotechnical Design) Assignment

Critical State Soil Mechanics (Geotechnical Design) - Assignment Example esting, one study established the shear apparatus that the successive students used in studying the conditional changes in the shear zone both in clay and sand soils. Another study that obtained the soil ob the Cambridge data of a simple apparatus of shear test and on triaxial tests resulted into the publication of a critical state concept. The critical state theory was developed from the understanding of the soils that go through shearing. In the mechanics of the critical soil, clear shear strength would be showed when the soil experiences the shear at a constant volume, which is referred to as the critical state (Figure 1) (Heyman, 2008). In this case, there are three identified shear strengths for a soil that goes through shear. These are the peak strength, constant volume strength or the critical state, and the residual strength. Peak strength happens at a critical state depending on some initial state of the particles of soil that are sheared. A given loose soil would have its volume contracted during shearing, and would not develop the peak strength in high critical states. This means that the peak strength would be similar to the critical shear strength state when the soil stops the contraction. Such soils can be considered to have no distinct peak strength. The soils that are dense have slight contraction, and the granular interlock inhibits more contraction. For the shearing to be continued once the granular interlock occurs, the soil should dilate. Since addition shear force would be needed for dilation, peak strength would occur. If the peak strength resulting from dilation is overcome by the shearing, the p rovided resistance by soil would occur. Critical state has three parameters. These include the peak strength (, Critical state (), and the residual strength). Peak strength happens at or before the critical state. It is depended on the initial condition of the soil that is experiencing the shear. The critical state is considered being inside the

Havoc Mouldings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Havoc Mouldings - Essay Example There will be some human resource and ethical issues but they can be dealt competently by taking necessary steps for mitigating their risks. Introduction of Havoc Mouldings Ltd. Havoc Mouldings Ltd. has been present in the market since 1977 and it has been mainly offering its services to the UK aerospace, marine, motor and chemical process industries. The product range of the company comprises of kayaks, hulls and decks for yachts, data buoys, mooring buoys, process cylinders, kit car bodies, after market body kits and radar domes; all of these products are manufactured by hand so that the customers are provided the best quality. Recently, the company has been approached by Boeing from USA for setting up and manufacturing of various precision parts required for smart bombs along with an innovative and latest cruise missile. There are certain challenges which the organisation has to deal with such as strict rules and regulations regarding usage of hazardous materials, installation of equipment for ventilation and investment in vacuum moulding process for fulfilling the requirements of Boeing. ... The main aim of these developments in IT is to provide the companies ample opportunities for enhancing their production levels and respond quickly to the customer’s demands (Agrawal, Subramania & Kapoor, 2010, p.201; Caldas & David, 2005, p.4). Considering the scenario of Havoc Mouldings, it will have to implement the new methods of operations management. According to Wamba and Bendavid (2008), the manufacturing processes have evolved from lean processes to agile ones that have the ability of anticipating the changes in customer’s requirements (p.3) and they are so flexible that they can quickly incorporate the modifications in the final output (Inman et al., 2011, p.346). An organisation has to utilise various technology theories that have been developed by the researchers in the field of IT so that it can ensure that it has the latest production process and IT system installed within the firm (Smith, McKeen & Singh, 2007, p.52). The best technology theory that is comp atible with the current business environment is Technology Adaptation Theory. According to Bardhan, Whitaker and Mithas (2006), this theory states that the technology is the main driver for altering the working environment of the organisation so that it creates innovative conditions and routines along with some problems; the issues associated with new technology have to be realized and technology has to be modified for resolving them (p.23). Hence, technological changes are part of a continuous cycle of adjustment to the new working conditions. As we all know that everything in this world has both positive aspects as well as negative aspects. The positive aspect needs to be considered

Consultant Proposal (Quantitative management) Term Paper

Consultant Proposal (Quantitative management) - Term Paper Example ?Every night (or early morning) the dispatcher prepares a routeing schedule for the next day. Customers or sites to be visited are those based on calls from the previous day (regular-basis operations and one-time operations) or on complaints from sites that were not visited the day before owing to certain circumstances, e.g. breakdown of a truck, or traffic congestion. On a daily basis approximately 200 sites are to be visited and up to 20 different types of container are to be handled by a 27-truck fleet. The four types of waste can be transported to around ten waste processing facilities. Truck capacity is limited to one container unless a trailer is added. ?When scheduling the available trucks, several constraints have to be taken into account. Most of them are compatibility constraints such as: driver and truck should be seen as a combination; not all containers can be put on all trucks; driving with dangerous waste requires a special truck and a driver with an appropriate licenc e; there is a relation between waste type and waste processing facility; customers prefer certain types of container. ... ?[from Container Transport – a case study by D Cattrysse, K Geeroms, A Proost and C Van der Heyde] ASSIGNMENT TASKS ? †¢ Examine and present the problem (in your own words), determine what data you would need to collect to improve operations and where you would obtain this data, examine the literature and present a review, choose and describe an algorithm, model and/or approach that could be used to assist operations. Describe how this algorithm/model/approach could be implemented. ?†¢ Present your work in the form of a consultant’s proposal, that is, as if you were consultants who had been asked to assist the company improve operations. ASSESSMENT ELEMENTS ?†¢ Assignment Cover sheet. ?†¢ Consultant’s proposal. MARKING SCALE ?†¢ Presentation /2 ?†¢ Structure /3 ?†¢ Data description and source /2 ?†¢ Literature review /5 ?†¢ Solution method /5 ?†¢ Solution implementation /3 Total /20 marks QUOTES (TO BE USED IN PA PER) â€Å"There are promising consulting opportunities, mainly in†¦solid waste management† (Sam, 1999, pp. 92). â€Å"Integrated sustainable waste management is based on ‘good garbage governance,’ and its goal includes inclusive, financially sustainable and institutionally responsive waste management, which funcitons well for users and providers† (United Nations, 2010, pp. 141). BIBLIOGRAPHY Sam PA, 1999. International environmental consulting practice: how and where to take advantage of global opportunities. US: John Wiley & Sons. United Nations, 2010. Solid waste management in the world’s cities: water and sanitation in the world’s Cities 2010. UK: UN-HABITAT (United Nations Human Settlements

Marketing Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Marketing Research - Essay Example Also, the uses of these normally depend on factors such as the research methods used to perform the search. The procedure for selecting an appropriate research method normally depends on factors such as the problem at hand, training and skills that a researcher has nature and amount of available resources and also the audience that will be used during the research. Despite the fact that many of these methodologies used may have components of both qualitative and quantitative techniques, there are certain assumptions that differentiate the approaches given. Qualitative and quantitative methods can be reviewed in the following manner1. Quantitative research This is always regarded as making inquiry over certain problem that has been identified depending on a testing theory. The figures that have been found under this research are normally analyzed further using other statistical means like graphs and charts2. Quantitative research often involves respondents of a large number, and norma lly it has always been predetermined. The measurements used during quantitative research options need to be quantitative, statistically valid, and objective in nature. During this research process, the size of the sample under examination is always calculated with the help of formulas to establish the parameters of the ample that will be required for the research. Most qualitative researchers are always designed 3to produce very low error margins thus even if the exercise is conducted over and over, the results attained will be more or less equal. The aim of qualitative method is always to prove whether prognostic generalization given to a theory may be holding any true or relevant meaning4. During quantitative research, the main question revolves around numbers for instance â€Å"†¦how many people watch football.† During this research, the researcher normally distances him/ herself from the phenomenon under study. And the values attained from the research do not form pa rt of the research. For instance, a research seeking to establish the number of people watching football will not concentrate on the numbers among the research value. Rather, the used sample will represent an entire population that is under study. Most researchers using quantitative resources apply deductive theories, logic and formulate hypothesis that are tested in the area. After all these analyses, the researcher often seek to come up with generalizations that support the underlying theory or hypotheses and will help them understand and explain the behavior pattern of a certain phenomenon. In this way they can even predict the future outcomes of these. There are also certain approaches that have been put in place to help come up with effective quantitative research questions. One of the most recommended means of approaching this is through following certain steps. First, one must establish the nature of quantitative research to be performed. For instance it can be based on relat ionship, comparative or descriptive factors. The next step involves spotting out the various variables that you want to study5. After which a fitting structure is identified depending on the prospect variables. Then finally stating the issues you intend or are trying to address as research questions. Below is an example of a quantitative research question. â€Å"What issues influence the professional choices of American college students?† When do organizations use the quantitative techniques? The quantitative rese

Risk management practices at HSBC Dissertation

Risk management practices at HSBC - Dissertation Example The paper tells that managing risks is integral to the overall strategy of banks but banks fail to manage risks. Several recent incidents and events have led banks to recognize that they are exposed to significant risks apart from the traditional credit and market risks. Scholars identify a positive relationship between risk management practices, understanding risk, risk identification, risk assessment and analysis, risk monitoring and credit risk analysis. While many banks failed, HSBC is one of the leading banks that have been able to sustain the financial recession and still maintain profits. It would be of immense value to the financial sector and particularly to the banks in the emerging economies to investigate into the strategies that HSBC adopted to suit the changing business environment. With the aim to investigate how HSBC manages risks in the interest of all its stakeholders, four objectives were set in Chapter I. All the objectives have been achieved. The study finds that HSBC has a robust strategy in place to manage risks. They take a cautious approach, train their business managers, have diversified portfolios with risk-graded products, focus on emerging markets, educate their clients and maintain adequate internal control procedures. Most importantly, their international strategy helps them sustain the external environment. All their measures start much before the event or the crisis which makes it easier for them to manage the risks. They employ the latest technology and software in all their processes. HSBC manages risks both through risk aggregation and risk decomposition. They consider risk as an opportunity and because they are able to manage risks better, they can deliver shareholder value. All of these factors have made them emerge successfully in turbulent times. The study concluded with recommendations for further areas for research. Table of Contents Chapter I: Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Rationale for study 3 1.3 Research Aims an d Objectives 5 1.4 Structure of the study 5 1.5 Limitations to the study 6 1.6 Chapter Summary 7 Chapter II: Literature Review 2.1 Chapter Overview 8 2.2 Definition and the concept of risks 8 2.3 Importance of risk management 9 2.4 Types of risks and the theoretical framework applied by banks 11 2.5 Why banks fail to manage risks 21 2.6 Risk management strategies adopted by banks 21 2.7 Mitigation of risks 23 2.8 Chapter Summary 24 Chapter III: Methodology 3.1 Chapter Overview 26 3.2 Introduction 26 3.3 Data and sources 27 3.4 Justification for secondary data 27 3.5 Sample 28 3.6 Theoretical framework for the study 29 3.7 Hypotheses of the study 30 3.8 Data analysis 30 3.9 Reliability and validity 31 3.10 Ethical concerns 31 3.11 Chapter Summary 31 Chapter IV: Findings 4.1 Chapter Overview 32 4.2 Presentation of Results 32 4.2.1 The UK banking sector 32 4.2.2 HSBC – overview 33 4.2.3 HSBC Strategy for risk management 33 4.2.4 Hypotheses 38 4.3 Analysis of Results 43 4.4 Chapt er Summary 49 Chapter V: Conclusion & Recommendations 5.1 Conclusion 50 5.2 Recommendations for further research 53 5.3 Learning outcome 53 References 55 Appendix 59 Tables and Figures Figure 2.1 Risk Architecture 17 Figure 4.1 Enterprise-wise risk management 35 Figure 4.2 Impaired loans to Gross Adnaces 38 Figure 4.3 Industry-wise credit risk 39 Figure 4.4 Credit Risk Profile 41 Chapter I: Introduction 1.1 Background Commercial banking relates to several activities such as providing products and services to the customer, engaging in financial intermediation and in management of risks (Sensarma & Jayadev, 2009). Banks have lately been reporting of difficulties faced by them but the risks taken by the banks have increased (Dedman & Robert-Tissot, 2001). For instance, the Asian financial crisis affected the performance of the region and led to an economic depression that impacted the financial institutions worldwide (Odit, Dookhan & Marilyn, 2011). Following the 2008 financial crisis, the banks reacted immediately to their capital structure concerning

Consultant Proposal (Quantitative management) Term Paper

Consultant Proposal (Quantitative management) - Term Paper Example ?Every night (or early morning) the dispatcher prepares a routeing schedule for the next day. Customers or sites to be visited are those based on calls from the previous day (regular-basis operations and one-time operations) or on complaints from sites that were not visited the day before owing to certain circumstances, e.g. breakdown of a truck, or traffic congestion. On a daily basis approximately 200 sites are to be visited and up to 20 different types of container are to be handled by a 27-truck fleet. The four types of waste can be transported to around ten waste processing facilities. Truck capacity is limited to one container unless a trailer is added. ?When scheduling the available trucks, several constraints have to be taken into account. Most of them are compatibility constraints such as: driver and truck should be seen as a combination; not all containers can be put on all trucks; driving with dangerous waste requires a special truck and a driver with an appropriate licenc e; there is a relation between waste type and waste processing facility; customers prefer certain types of container. ... ?[from Container Transport – a case study by D Cattrysse, K Geeroms, A Proost and C Van der Heyde] ASSIGNMENT TASKS ? †¢ Examine and present the problem (in your own words), determine what data you would need to collect to improve operations and where you would obtain this data, examine the literature and present a review, choose and describe an algorithm, model and/or approach that could be used to assist operations. Describe how this algorithm/model/approach could be implemented. ?†¢ Present your work in the form of a consultant’s proposal, that is, as if you were consultants who had been asked to assist the company improve operations. ASSESSMENT ELEMENTS ?†¢ Assignment Cover sheet. ?†¢ Consultant’s proposal. MARKING SCALE ?†¢ Presentation /2 ?†¢ Structure /3 ?†¢ Data description and source /2 ?†¢ Literature review /5 ?†¢ Solution method /5 ?†¢ Solution implementation /3 Total /20 marks QUOTES (TO BE USED IN PA PER) â€Å"There are promising consulting opportunities, mainly in†¦solid waste management† (Sam, 1999, pp. 92). â€Å"Integrated sustainable waste management is based on ‘good garbage governance,’ and its goal includes inclusive, financially sustainable and institutionally responsive waste management, which funcitons well for users and providers† (United Nations, 2010, pp. 141). BIBLIOGRAPHY Sam PA, 1999. International environmental consulting practice: how and where to take advantage of global opportunities. US: John Wiley & Sons. United Nations, 2010. Solid waste management in the world’s cities: water and sanitation in the world’s Cities 2010. UK: UN-HABITAT (United Nations Human Settlements

Risk management practices at HSBC Dissertation

Risk management practices at HSBC - Dissertation Example The paper tells that managing risks is integral to the overall strategy of banks but banks fail to manage risks. Several recent incidents and events have led banks to recognize that they are exposed to significant risks apart from the traditional credit and market risks. Scholars identify a positive relationship between risk management practices, understanding risk, risk identification, risk assessment and analysis, risk monitoring and credit risk analysis. While many banks failed, HSBC is one of the leading banks that have been able to sustain the financial recession and still maintain profits. It would be of immense value to the financial sector and particularly to the banks in the emerging economies to investigate into the strategies that HSBC adopted to suit the changing business environment. With the aim to investigate how HSBC manages risks in the interest of all its stakeholders, four objectives were set in Chapter I. All the objectives have been achieved. The study finds that HSBC has a robust strategy in place to manage risks. They take a cautious approach, train their business managers, have diversified portfolios with risk-graded products, focus on emerging markets, educate their clients and maintain adequate internal control procedures. Most importantly, their international strategy helps them sustain the external environment. All their measures start much before the event or the crisis which makes it easier for them to manage the risks. They employ the latest technology and software in all their processes. HSBC manages risks both through risk aggregation and risk decomposition. They consider risk as an opportunity and because they are able to manage risks better, they can deliver shareholder value. All of these factors have made them emerge successfully in turbulent times. The study concluded with recommendations for further areas for research. Table of Contents Chapter I: Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Rationale for study 3 1.3 Research Aims an d Objectives 5 1.4 Structure of the study 5 1.5 Limitations to the study 6 1.6 Chapter Summary 7 Chapter II: Literature Review 2.1 Chapter Overview 8 2.2 Definition and the concept of risks 8 2.3 Importance of risk management 9 2.4 Types of risks and the theoretical framework applied by banks 11 2.5 Why banks fail to manage risks 21 2.6 Risk management strategies adopted by banks 21 2.7 Mitigation of risks 23 2.8 Chapter Summary 24 Chapter III: Methodology 3.1 Chapter Overview 26 3.2 Introduction 26 3.3 Data and sources 27 3.4 Justification for secondary data 27 3.5 Sample 28 3.6 Theoretical framework for the study 29 3.7 Hypotheses of the study 30 3.8 Data analysis 30 3.9 Reliability and validity 31 3.10 Ethical concerns 31 3.11 Chapter Summary 31 Chapter IV: Findings 4.1 Chapter Overview 32 4.2 Presentation of Results 32 4.2.1 The UK banking sector 32 4.2.2 HSBC – overview 33 4.2.3 HSBC Strategy for risk management 33 4.2.4 Hypotheses 38 4.3 Analysis of Results 43 4.4 Chapt er Summary 49 Chapter V: Conclusion & Recommendations 5.1 Conclusion 50 5.2 Recommendations for further research 53 5.3 Learning outcome 53 References 55 Appendix 59 Tables and Figures Figure 2.1 Risk Architecture 17 Figure 4.1 Enterprise-wise risk management 35 Figure 4.2 Impaired loans to Gross Adnaces 38 Figure 4.3 Industry-wise credit risk 39 Figure 4.4 Credit Risk Profile 41 Chapter I: Introduction 1.1 Background Commercial banking relates to several activities such as providing products and services to the customer, engaging in financial intermediation and in management of risks (Sensarma & Jayadev, 2009). Banks have lately been reporting of difficulties faced by them but the risks taken by the banks have increased (Dedman & Robert-Tissot, 2001). For instance, the Asian financial crisis affected the performance of the region and led to an economic depression that impacted the financial institutions worldwide (Odit, Dookhan & Marilyn, 2011). Following the 2008 financial crisis, the banks reacted immediately to their capital structure concerning

Informative on Hybrid Cars Essay Example for Free

Informative on Hybrid Cars Essay Introduction I. A hybrid car is a vehicle with more than one power source such as a small internal combustion engine and an electric motor. II. Most hybrids only use gasoline when needed. The electric motor, powered by a stack of rechargeable batteries, is the primary workhorse for propulsion under low-speed driving. III. When you think of a hybrid vehicle, you may find yourself thinking Toyota Prius. 1. Toyota Prius was the first mass produced hybrid vehicle. IV. According to Toyota Motor Corp. a hybrid system combines different power sources to maximize each one’s strengths, while compensating the others’ short comings. IV. Today I am going to inform you on the history about hybrid vehicle and explain the different hybrid platforms and how they work. Body I. The first hybrid vehicle was not the Toyota Prius, nor was it invented in the 2000s or even the 1990s. Although the many reasons that brought the hybrid vehicle into existence are similar to those living in the 21st century; ICE (Internal Combustion Engine) equipped vehicles were too noisy and produce too much toxic emission. 1. The first Hybrid Vehicle was brought forth by Viennese coach builder named Jacob Lohner. Lohner turned to a young Austrian engineer by the name of Ferdinand Porsche. Lohner asked Porsche to incorporate his patent electric wheel-hub design into a Coach that belonged to Lohner. The result was the Lohner-Porsche Elektromobil in 1896. 2. Toyota launched the world’s first mass-produced hybrid vehicle, in Japan known at the Toyota Prius. A. over 37,000 sold in Japan before the vehicle was introduced to the U. S. Market in 2000. 3. Honda and Toyota both release their hybrid vehicles available to the U. S. Market. A. Honda released the 2000 Honda Insight in 1999. B. Toyota released their 2001 Toyota Prius in 2000. II. There are two common types of Hybrid vehicle platforms, Mild-Parallel hybrid and Series hybrid. 1. A Mild-Parallel hybrid vehicle has an internal combustion engine that is equipped with an electric motor, both in parallel configuration, meaning they both provide propulsion to move the vehicle forward. This configuration allows the gasoline engine to be shut off while coasting, braking or being at a complete stop yet will restart with minimal delay. A. Some mild hybrids will also be equipped with regenerative braking that will essentially charge the battery packs under braking. B. Mild hybrids are not capable of exclusively operating on the Electric motor. 2. A Series hybrid platform, sometimes referred to as range-extending electric vehicles (REEV) incorporate a configuration by design to be operated mostly by the battery, but will have an ICE (Internal Combustion Engine) to recharge the battery when enduring a long drive. B. Series hybrid’s only have electric motors to provide propulsion while maintaining an exceptionally high power to weight ratio providing enough torque over a broad range of speeds. C. The gasoline engine drives an electric generator which charges the battery bank at which point the electric motor use the power from the battery bank to drive the vehicle. Conclusion In conclusion today I have informed you all about the first existence of the hybrid vehicle which was created by Ferdinand Porsche, known as the Elektromobil. The common types of configurations that are available, which include Mild-Parallel hybrid and Series hybrid vehicles. I hope you have found this information useful Prius a possible hybrid purchase in the future and an Insight to hybrid vehicles. Works Cited Nice, Karim, and Julia Layton. How Hybrid Cars Work 20, July 2000. http://auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car. htm FuelEconomy. gov http://auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car11. htm Eng, Paul. â€Å"How do Hybrid Cars Work? † 1, October 2010. http://abcnews. go. com/Technology/Hybrid/story? id=97518page=1#. UVPJ9Fe1vpA www. Toyota. com â€Å"Prius 2013† 2012. http://www. toyota. com/prius/#! /features Lampton, Christopher. What is the history of hybrid cars? 09 April 2009 http://auto. howstuffworks. com/fuel-efficiency/hybrid-technology/history-of-hybrid-cars. html Green, Hank. â€Å"The Rise of the REEV† January, 01 2008. http://www. ecogeek. org/content/view/1298/

Policy Interventions for Healthcare Inequality

Policy Interventions for Healthcare Inequality Abstract The primary purpose of this study was to determine the disparities in access to health care and analyse the rationale of the types of policy intervention solutions globally to address the contemporary health issue in education and training, tax benefits and payments to caregivers, respite care, business regulations combining work and care giving, and financial support and provision of pension credits for care giving. The study was descriptive in nature. The data were analysed and interpreted. Introduction Having a broad variety factors that plays a role in health disparities, it is very demanding and challenging to clarify the determinants of health disparities. For individuals who are challenged with sociodemographic status, physical disabilities and affected by inevitable circumstances such as calamities or disasters are crucially to escalate likelihood of health disparities that may lead their later life to health-related problems. Given the fact that people under these situations are most unfavourable groups in society with regards to income, education, employment, living condition or occupation, health disparities is more anticipated to exist. In this instance, it is essential to obtain which factors bring about to the health disparities. This study is looking forward to initiate further interest in health disparities among policy makers. Particularly, this may help health care professionals better understand the present picture of health disparities and its causes. Correspondingly, the prevention and elimination of health disparities of the population and their outcome improved quality of life will be regarded. The purpose of this study was to identify the determinants of health disparities in health care access and to produce policy intervention solutions based on education and training, tax benefits and payments to caregivers, respite care, business regulations combining work and care giving and financial support and provision of credits for care giving. To achieve these purposes, the occurrence and determinants of the health disparities were investigated in these scopes: lack of insurance coverage, lack of financial resources, structural barriers, shortage of health care providers, linguistic barriers, health literacy, discrimination and age. Theory This study is anchored to the assumption that disparities in care can greatly affect the access of health care. This is explained in the diagram below: Figure 1. Theoretical Framework for Disparities in Access to Health Care According to Anderson (1995) in the behavioural model of health services operation, population characteristics feature three main components: (1) predisposing characteristics, (2) enabling resources, and (3) need. The predisposing characteristics embody the following elements: (a) demographic aspects, such as gender, age, or marital status, (b) social structure, such as race/ethnicity, education, religion, or occupation and (c) health benefits, such as knowledge about disease, values about health and illness, and attitude toward health services. The predisposing characteristics affect enabling resources in family, person and community. Personal or family enabling resources involved knowledge regarding access to and utilisation of health care and manner to access health care, while community enabling resources integrate available health facilities and personnel. The above-mentioned enabling resources have an effect on one’s perceived and evaluated health need. How people belief or think of their health status is referred to as perceived health need, while indication of professional judgment relevant to people’s health illnesses or conditions and their stand in need for medical treatment is referred as evaluated health need. The foregoing population characteristics – predisposing characteristics enabling resources, and health need will exert influence on one’s personal health practices; use of health services; and health behaviour. Lastly, one’s health behaviour impacts health outcomes: (perceived) health status and (evaluated) consumer satisfaction. In Andersen’s (1995) phase 4 of the behavioural model environmental factors –external environment and healthcare system – having been lately included, and these factors affect the population characteristics as well as health outcomes. The impact the disparities of access to health care would have on national and international healthcare policy. In the study, health disparities throughout different nations including New Zealand were analysed in access to health care. On top of that, the determinants and existence of such disparities have been focused on. It ought to indicate that access to health care itself affects one’s health needs, enabling resources and predisposing characteristics. Nevertheless, further attention is here centered on the direct impacts of the determinants on health care access. Considering the dynamic and intricate structure of health care access, social demographic characteristics are broadly addressed to determinants of access to health care. The association between access to health care and health status is examined in detailing the determinants. Based on Healthy People 2020 definition of health disparity is â€Å"a precise type of health difference that is intently associated with economic, social and/or environmental unfavourable circumstance. Health disparities unfavourable influence groups of people who have consistently undergo considerable obstacles to health stands on their ethnic or racial group; socioeconomic status; religion; age; gender; sensory, cognitive, physical disability; mental health; gender identity or sexual orientation; geographic location; or other characteristics typically connected to exclusion or discrimination. A range of sociodemographic characteristics, such as lack of insurance coverage, lack of financial resources, structural barriers, scarcity of providers, linguistic barriers, health literacy and age are involved in access to health care. These sociodemographic characteristics are correlated with not only one another notwithstanding further determinants in different area. Considering health insurance coverage and status issues play an important part in access to health care and these matters are similarly concomitant to other sociodemographic components, analysis on sociodemographic characteristics is frequently focus on health insurance issues. In the absence of health insurance, patients are most apparently to delay medical care; it appears to go without needed medical care, and probably to go in the absence of prescription medications. Despite the fact that the insufficiency of financial funds is a barricade to health care access for many nations, the influence on access become evident to be pronounced for minority populations. Structural barriers include excessive time spent in the waiting room, an inability to schedule appointments quickly or during convenient hours and poor transportation, each of which influence persons willingness and to acquire needed care. In rural areas, high cities and communities with great congregation of minority populations, access to medical care may be restricted because of the shortage of, specialists, primary care practitioners and diagnostic facilities. Furthermore, language differences (most especially those non-English proficient minorities) impede access to medical care. Health literacy is about patients having problems understanding, obtaining and processing basic health information. To give an instance, patients with a deficient comprehension of good health may not knowledgeable when it is needed to attempt to find care for definite symptoms. Although issues with health literacy are not confined to minority groups, the situation may further utter in these groups due to educational and socioeconomic factors. Age may as well be a determinant in health disparities for particular reasons. As numerous older individual draw breath on fixed incomes this can create paying for health care expenses burdensome. Besides, they unlikely encounter other hurdle such as lack of transportation or weaken mobility that makes accessing health care services difficult for them physically. Moreover, they cannot have the possibility to access health information through the internet over their age. This may place older individuals at an unfavourable position in terms of retrieving important information regarding their health and by means to protect it. Communication is vital for the delivery of effective and appropriate care and treatment, despite of a patient’s culture, and miscommunication may result to improper use of medications, incorrect diagnosis and failure to undergo follow-up medical care. The relationship of patient’s provider is reliant on the capacity of both individuals to efficiently communicate. Culture and language both involved in significant task in communication in the course of a medical consultation. Among the patient populace, minorities appears considerable amount of difficulty in conveying concerns and understanding with their physicians. In stand of the Health Care Quality Survey conducted by the Commonwealth Fund (2001), American patients during interview responded that nineteen percent (19%) of the time they experience difficulty communicating with their health providers which included feeling doctor listened, understanding doctor, and had questions yet did not enquire. As oppose to the Hispanic population comprise the relatively large problem communicating with their health provider, thirty-three percent (33%) of the time. It is fact that communication is associated to health outcomes, as communication enhanced so certainly patient satisfaction which result to enhanced compliance and will progress health outcomes. The result of incapacity to communicate with care providers has influence the quality of care. Language takes significant role in communication and determined attempt need to take hold to make sure perfect communication involving patient and provider. Those non-English speakers that utter the need of an interpreter in the time of clinical visits proclaim having one. In the absence of interpreters in the course of clinical visit add up to the communication barrier. Moreover, incapacity of providers to convey information with deficient English proficient patients results to, more invasive procedures, over prescribing of medications and more diagnostic procedures. Poor communication is a factor to compliance of medical services and health outcomes. Heaps of health-related environments make available interpreter services for their deficient English proficient patients. It is indeed been helpful when health providers do not communicate the similar language as the patient. But, there is ascending affirmation that patients require communicating with a language concomitant physician to sustain the desirable medical care, be satisfied with the care experience and bond with the physician. Further communication difficulty upshot from a decrease or reduce of cultural proficiency by health providers. It is also a great value for health providers to be aware of patients’ health practices and beliefs unescorted judgments or reactions. Comprehending a patients’ perspective of health and disease is essential for treatment and diagnosis. So health providers required to assess patients’ health practices and beliefs to refine quality of care. The health decisions made by the patients can be influenced by cultural beliefs, sceptical Western medicine, and hierarchical and familial roles, every single one of these a white health provider may not be familiar with. Another disparity could be discrimination. This is where health care providers likewise consciously or unconsciously handle certain ethnic and racial patients distinctively from other patients. It may be because of stereotypes that health providers may have concerning racial/ethical groups. Physicians are more possibly to set down negative cultural stereotypes among their minority patients. It may happen despite of high regard for personality characteristics, income and education. Meanwhile the United States of America favour the term health disparity, some other countries more usually utilise such terms as health inequity or health inequality (Carter Pokras Baquet, 2002). Specifically, the word health inequalities are more commonly used in New Zealand, Europe and Great Britain. According to Harper Lynch (2005) health disparity includes elements of both health inequality and health inequity. Moreover, inequality is a difference that can be observable and measurable; on the other hand inequity encompasses an ethical judgment participate in resolution of the difference. Moreover, in relation to global health disparities discussed, three of the ten (10) facts about health inequalities in Aotearoa New Zealand based on New Zealand Medical Association and University of Otago prepared by Tony Blakely and Don Simmers (June, 2011) has similarly contribute to the access of health care. These include: (1) Almost all other countries, there is inclination of increasing mortality or exacerbating health right from one side of the affluent to deprived, socio-economic hierarchy, or from rich to poor and most educated to least educated. The socioeconomic differences have made mortality rates broadened in corresponding terms until year 2000, yet have inclined to be stable after all. A close basis of expanding disparity in life expectancy via income about 2000 is indeed apparent. Those people in the top-level of incomes have a 5-6 year satisfaction in life expectancy in contrast to the lowest. New Zealand is level at about average for rich countries in the realistic magnitude of socioeconomic inequalities in mortality. (2) An unequal division of social determinants such as housing conditions, employment, and income conditions is crucial to driving health inequalities. Unemployment and economic conditions ameliorate between 1994 and 1998, and there is a fall of child poverty. In distinction to, 1998-2004 rates diversified be conditional on the measure, afterwards with Working for Families child poverty momentum cut down from 2004-2007. (3) Behavioural predisposing factors and health services as well come up with inequalities of health. Tobacco is exceptionally significant, as to healthy eating. Health services is further substantial, primarily as the efficacy of supportive care and treatments to both decrease morbidity and mortality happen to be more effective and more great in number. Discuss and critically analyse the rationale or justifications for putting into place each of the below listed types of policy intervention solutions globally to address the contemporary health issue highlighted in disparities of access to health care Education and Training Institutions should consider conducting research to determine up-to-date and effective policy and program solutions to lessen or diminish health disparities. It is essential to conduct outreach to expand the diversity such as racial/ethnic, disability, income in health care and public-related health careers. They should put forward preventive services (such as vision, oral care, hearing screenings and mental health services) for all children and elderly, particularly those at risk. Lastly, they have to develop and carry out local plan of action to reduce psychosocial, environmental conditions and health that take hold of access to health care. Tax Benefits and Payments to Caregiver Increase tax benefits and refunds for those who have below minimum wage workers and use data to spot populations at greatest risk and partner with communities to implement government programs and policies on mitigations that addresses highest priority health needs. Government should allocate good payment, health benefits and remuneration to caregivers because they are the first line of health providers in terms of access to health services needed by the people. Respite Care This type of care should be available and accessible every time the concerned individual needed it such as caring for disabled individual and older clients. Expand the communication and cultural competence of health care providers in the respite care service. Train and hire further qualifies staff from marginalised ethnic and racial minorities and people with disabilities. Intensify care systematisation and quality of care like integrated care teams. Business Regulation combining Work and Care giving Health markets should comply with statutory policies and regulations concerning medical costs, availability of health services and health care professionals, equal treatment of patients especially those who belong to minority group and children, pregnant woman, chronic conditions or disabilities and elderly, and lastly, consider the community’s needs and demands of health care. Financial Support and Provision of Pension Credits for Care giving. Involved all professionals from a variety of sectors (such as labor, health, education, environment and transportation) with community representatives to make sure that community health needs are recognised and that needs and barriers are attended. Expand cheaper or affordable health services that will ameliorate favourable chances for health care coverage and access as component of efforts to lessen disparities among individuals who are deprived of health. Conclusion It is a fact that health is vital to human existence. A person cannot perform his activities of daily living without being on a state of wellness. In this study, there are numerous factors that brought about disparities of access to health care. The essential qualities of health disparities evaluated were lack of insurance coverage, lack of financial resources, structural barriers, shortage of health care providers, linguistic barriers, health literacy, discrimination and age. Most of the population affected by these circumstances are minority groups, children, pregnant woman, chronic conditions or disabilities and elderly. To deliver policies further productive and effective to eliminate and prevent health disparities, understanding of scientific facts in determinants of health disparities is vital. In addition, it highlights the prominence of factors outside the immediate authority of the health sectors particularly the social welfare, labour, housing, market sectors, local government and education, in shaping the health of the population. On the other note, accomplishment in alleviating disparities in health leads to positive results for the individual, society and economy.

The Light Of Sight :: essays research papers

In this universe there are many thing that we cannot explain. Among these many things is light. Light, as far as we know, come in different wavelengths and the size of the wavelength determine what type of light it is. The middle wavelength lights are what gives us the seven basic colors of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Beside these visible lights there are the lights that cannot be seen by the human eye. These invisible lights can be grouped into two other groups the long waves and short waves. The first group of waves is the longer wavelength of light including infrared and radio waves. Radio waves, the longest wavelengths, alternate and can be volatile. Arthur C. Clarke said in the essay "The Light of Common Day" that since radio waves fluctuate so much no animal has ever been able to sense them. He goes on to say that if you had an eye big enough to see radio waves your eyes would be millions of times larger than a normal eye. The next longest wave is the infrared light waves. Infrared light is used nowadays to see in the night. Special goggles are designed to pick up infrared light making it possible to see at night. The next group of light waves are the shorter waves of ultraviolet and x-rays. Ultraviolet light, sometimes referred to as UV, is right next to violet and is just beyond sight. UV light is what causes sunburns and can be very painful. In Arthur C. Clarks essay it states that even though UV light is not visible the retina of the human eye reacts powerfully to it. He compare the human eye to a camera and says that a good camera need may types of lenses made out of different types of glass to take a good picture. The human eye has only one lens and cannot possible see UV light. The last type of light is the x-ray. The x-ray is the smallest wave and is used in the medical field greatly to take pictures through flesh of bones. Even though x-rays are very useful they can be very dangerous. They have been know to disrupt radio waves and can poison a human body to the point of death.

The Unconstitutionality of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 Essay

The Unconstitutionality of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 The U.S. Congress passed the Telecommunications Act of 1996 on February 1, 1996. Title V of this Act was the Communications Decency Act, or CDA, whose main goal was to regulate pornography on the Internet. It was intended to be similar to the regulations that had already been passed allowing the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to regulate indecency on radio and Television (â€Å"Communications†). According to the Center for Democracy and Technology, the CDA prohibited â€Å"posting ‘indecent’ or ‘patently offensive’ materials in a public forum on the Internet – including web pages, newsgroups, chat rooms, or online discussion lists† (â€Å"Overview†). This could have potentially come to prohibit from the Internet some classic texts and other material which, although offensive to some, is protected in print under the First Amendment. It is also important to note that child pornography, which was a reason many supporte d the CDA, was already illegal under laws passed before the CDA (â€Å"Overview†). For these reasons, the CDA was challenged and ruled unconstitutional in a District Court in Pennsylvania, and the Supreme Court eventually upheld that decision (â€Å"Communications†). In what could almost be considered a primary source, David L. Sobel of the University of Florida College of Law outlined many arguments against the CDA. His article in the Journal of Technology Law and Policy (University of Florida College of Law) was written after the March 21, 1996 decision in the Philadelphia, PA District Court but before the case ever went to the Supreme Court in Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union on June 26, 1997 (Sobel). It is interesting to note that many of Sobel’s ar... ...cessed 6 November 2004. http://www.cdt.org/speech/cda/ â€Å"Communications Decency Act.† Wilkipedia Online Encyclopedia. Online. Accessed 6 November 2004. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act. Sobel, David L. â€Å"The Constitutionality of the Communications Decency Act: Censorship on the Internet.† Journal of Technology Law and Policy (University of Florida College of Law). 1:1, Spring 1996. Online. Accessed 6 November 2004. http://journal.law.ufl.edu/~techlaw/1/sobel.html Stevens, John Paul. â€Å"Opinion of the Court: Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.† Argued: March 19. 1997 --- Decided: June 26, 1997. Legal Information Institute. Online. Accessed 6 November 2004. http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/search/display.html?terms=CDA&url=/supct/html/histo rics/USSC_CR_0521_0844_ZO.html