Malcolm X s Impact On Society s Function - 1531 Words

Malcolm X, Malcolm Little or El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, are all different names to one heroic figure. No two people can differ on the impact that Malcolm X has left, not only on the African-American society, but also on the world as a whole. Born in Omaha, Nebraska USA in May 19, 1925 Malcolm X ideologies in life and philosophy were really a result of several life events that he struggled with and experienced while growing up. Between loosing his parents, being bullied in school and finally having Prison sentence, El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz decided that some changes should be arranged in the society’s function. Starting from there, he became a man with a message and a mission. Malcolm X was seeking a change, a step forward and a ray of light. After going through a lot in his life, Malcolm X was detriment to be the burning candle that illuminates the roads for others. Almost 50 years later since his death, a lot of people still look up to him as a spiritual leader and still consid er him an icon when it comes to civil and human rights movements. Today, in a world that is moving in the path of equality and unity, we can only think of those who built the early stages of this ground we all stand equally tall above. Thanks to influential people like Malcolm X, we can today see the impotency and the growth of the seeds he grew back in his days. In spite of the fact that he is a well-respected and loved man, there is still a group of people (23%) who thinks Malcolm X should not beShow MoreRelatedThe Representation Of Black Men And Women By Angela Davis And Malcolm X Essay1974 Words   |  8 PagesWhile the representation of Black men and women is one that throughout the years has not often been given thought to by people outside of the Black community, in the Moynihan Report and essays and speeches by both Angela Davis and Malcolm X, we see how the representation of Black people has for years been detrimental to the progression of the Black community. Through care ful analysis of several different texts, I will highlight the ways in which Black people have through the oppressive forces ofRead More2006 Arroyo Case Study31910 Words   |  128 PagesStandards and Technology Technology Administration †¢ Department of Commerce Baldrige National Quality Program Arroyo Fresco Community Health Center Case Study The Arroyo Fresco Community Health Center Case Study was prepared for use in the 2006 Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Examiner Preparation Course. The Arroyo Fresco Community Health Center Case Study describes a fictitious nonprofit organization in the health care sector. There is no connection between the fictitious Arroyo FrescoRead More2006 Arroyo Case Study31910 Words   |  128 PagesStandards and Technology Technology Administration †¢ Department of Commerce Baldrige National Quality Program Arroyo Fresco Community Health Center Case Study The Arroyo Fresco Community Health Center Case Study was prepared for use in the 2006 Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Examiner Preparation Course. The Arroyo Fresco Community Health Center Case Study describes a fictitious nonprofit organization in the health care sector. There is no connection between the fictitious Arroyo FrescoRead MoreOperational Management: Statistical Quality Control and Performance Improvement13821 Words   |  56 Pages* Answer: False * Reference: Statistical Process Control Methods * Difficulty: Moderate * Keywords: x-bar chart, variables, attributes 28. Process centering is shown by an chart. * Answer: True * Reference: Statistical Process Control Methods * Difficulty: Easy * Keywords: x-bar chart, centering 29. A process may be in control according to the chart and out of control according to the R-chart. In thisRead MoreTaking Advantage of People2487 Words   |  10 Pagescontact with God must value this trust and use it to spread their beliefs. This relationship usually works out quite nicely for the people in such a bond. They find a trust in each other and each gain the ability to use one another. In the 1930’s a relationship like this spawned in Detroit, Michigan. Wallace Fard, the leader of a new psuedo-Islamic religion, became acquainted with Robert Poole, a southern migrant with an already growing discontent of self status. Robert Poole saw a rope of faithRead MoreStrategy Formulation9792 Words   |  40 Pagessubscribers. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.com With over forty years experience, Emerald Group Publishing is a leading independent publisher of global research with impact in business, society, public policy and education. In total, Emerald publishes over 275 journals and more than 130 book series, as well as an extensive range of online products and services. Emerald is both COUNTER 3 and TRANSFER compliant. The organizationRead MoreComics, The X-Men, and Popular Culture Essay4876 Words   |  20 Pagesï » ¿Ismael Nava Cultural Studies May 9, 2013 Comics, The X-Men, and Popular Culture The genre of comic books and the characters that are included in this fictional universe have taken an importance seat in American popular culture today. Comics can serve many purposes. Comics can be the favorite entertainment material that a person chooses to read. Comics can help someone pass the time as they take a break from a walk around their local mall, airport, or grocery store. The comic book can be theRead MoreGrassland Ecosystems13817 Words   |  56 PagesMANUAL 15 CHAPTER 1 Grasslands Grasslands at a Crossroads: Protecting and Enhancing Resilience to Climate Change Jonathan L. Gelbard, Ph.D. Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF the world’s grasslands makes them one of the most vulnerable to global climate change of any terrestrial ecosystem (Sala et al., 2000; IPCC, 2001a). The low-stature of vegetation confers high light availability, leaving many grasslands naturallyRead MoreThe Womens Leadership Roles2125 Words   |  9 Pagesprofessional women do not, typically, have stay-at-home husbands, and a woman s role remains primarily responsible for the cooking, cleaning, nursing, laundry, etc even if that means arranging for outside help to assist in the completion of these duties. If you are middle class or below both partners are working with the woman still primarily responsible. In other words, men s careers are not derailed by family obligations; women s careers are derailed. With this sort of lifestyle and the statistics itRead MoreThe Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Business Performance - Malte Kaufmann.Pdf Uploaded Successfully5307 Words   |  22 P agesTHE IMPACT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ON BUSINESS PERFORMANCE – CAN IT BE MEASURED, AND IF SO, HOW? The Berlin International Economics Congress 2012, March 7th-10th, 2012 Presented by Dd. Dipl.-Vw. Malte Kaufmann, The Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies malte.kaufmann@immo-kaufmann.de and Prof. Marieta Olaru, Ph. D., The Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies olaru.marieta@gmail.com Abstract This paper examines the question of measurability of the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility

The Dystopian Warning in Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451

The typical utopian world that people dream of consists of freedom, equality and political order. Dystopian fiction, however, is only the illusion of a perfect world. In reality, a dystopia is the complete opposite of a utopian society. It is commonly written to warn the reader of what might come if a certain way of life continues. In Fahrenheit 451, Bradbury predicted many issues that plague society today. The larger societal and individual issues Bradbury warns against are the consequences from the lack of social interactions, the spread and focus on technology, and the rise in violence. When it comes to social interactions in Bradbury’s world, people tend to avoid discussion and other normal contact with one another. This lack of communication can be evident in modern day as well. In a conversation at the beginning of the novel, Clarisse tells Montag, â€Å"‘I’m antisocial, they say. I don’t mix’† (29). However, Clarisse is truly gregarious as she converses with her family and Montag while other people avoid people.Society pegs her as different and strange. In today’s world, people are more absorbed with their own lives than the lives of the people that surround them. Even with social networking, there is less face-to-face contact. It has become normal to communicate over the internet and other networks instead of speaking in person. Clarisse is the oddity in her world. Montag explains to Mildred what Clarisse was like, â€Å"‘But Clarisse’s favorite subject wasn’t herself. It wasShow MoreRelatedFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1200 Words   |  5 Pagesauthors are able to create work that speaks to their observations and views on society and its functions. In the book Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury incorporated the corruption of the society in which he lived in into the dystopian society created in his book. Fahrenheit 451, a fictional book about a protagonist’s attempt to overcome a dy stopian society’s corruption, was written by Ray Bradbury while living in 1950’s America. The book focuses on themes of censorship, and illustrates the effects of whenRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Analysis798 Words   |  4 Pageslike fiction, but dystopian novels carry lessons that are more real than you would think. Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 is no exception. Bradbury had quickly gained global recognition from his stand out dystopian hit that makes controversial social commentaries. Some of the commentaries he touches upon the topics of censorship and social conformity. All of which are demonstrated through the strategic use of demanded conformities and the dystopian setting. Overall, In Fahrenheit 451, Bradbury commentsRead MoreFahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury Essay569 Words   |  3 PagesEnjoy: Fahrenheit 451 is a book for a variety of people. The main age of when this book should be read is when a person is above the age of 14 years old. This book is recommended for ages 14 and up because of the content in which the story is told. Also the compression of this book is in depth and important to the making of our future. Ray Bradbury uses strong words that help build up the story. This book is a dystopian book written in the 1950’s and having the book takes place in the 21st centuryRead MoreCulture, Characters In Fahrenheit 451, By Ray Bradbury856 Words   |  4 PagesThe culture, characters, and theme in Ray Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451 create an interesting dystopian novel that serves as a warning to future readers. The novel is set in the year 2053 and the main character Guy Montag works as a fireman. In this book they set fires upon books rather than put them out. When Montag is walking home one day after work he meets a teenage girl that will for ever change his life, Clarisse. Clarisse acts like a mirror to Montag making him question the culture ofRead MoreTheme Of Knowledge In Fahrenheit 451791 Words   |  4 PagesRebirth and a Journey Towards Knowledge The book Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury follows the journey of a ‘fireman’ who rapidly begins to find faults in his society. The story of this fireman, Montag, quickly became a staple of the dystopian fiction genre. To emphasize themes of rebirth and society’s battle between knowledge and ignorance, the author employs extensive allusion, potent imagery, and character development. The use of allegorical allusion is used by BradburyRead MoreSocial Darwinism in Fahrenheit 4512140 Words   |  9 PagesOutcasting in Fahrenheit 451 A variety of themes are addressed in Fahrenheit 451, most of which are prevalent to our current situation. Because of this, the book was originally banned for sending the wrong political message and having offensive language. Although there is much irony and humor in the fact that a book warning about the implications of banning books was banned, that topic of discussion has been well over mentioned to the point where the political and social message that Ray Bradbury wasRead MoreFahrenheit 4511858 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Jhoan Aguilar Mrs. Armistead English III H (4) October 24, 2013 The Exhort of Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury created the novel Fahrenheit 451 as a way to admonish future generations against social and economic trends that would emerge during the twentieth century. I. Introduction II. Reasons behind novel A. World events B. Personal events III. Economic trends of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries A. The economics of consumerism B. Economic effects on society IV. Social trendsRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511120 Words   |  5 Pagesclassify a dystopia, such as dehumanization, individuality suppression, and the ever-growing gap between upper and lower class. The United States is heading down the path of becoming a dystopian society. Citizens in the United States have the same general behavior as those in Ray Bradbury’s novel, Fahrenheit 451. This novel features a world where cars are fast, music is loud, and watching television is the main way to spend free time. People rarely make time for each other, rarely imagine and formRead MoreThe Transformation Of Society In Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury952 Words   |  4 PagesThe central message Ray Bradbury is warning his readers within the novel Fahrenheit 451 is the direction society is heading into failing themselves. The notability and progression of this theme is simple to see in todays society as the novel was written in 1953 and some of the predictions are not far off from what can be seen in the current time period. Within the novel, Bradbury plays on this theme by displaying the numb and sameness the technology in Montag’s society is causing its citizens.TheRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Comparison Essay1185 Words   |  5 PagesFahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury’s Prediction of the Future TREVOR YOUNG Fahrenheit 451 is a dystopian novel written by Ray Bradbury that depicts a futuristic American society where books are banned and independent thought is persecuted. Bradbury uses his imagination to take a hard look at a world consumed by technology, and he presents predictions about pleasure, violence and anti-intellectualism that are alarmingly similar to the modern American society. Notably, in both societies people find

Internet censorship Free Essays

Internet censorship Introduction Internet censorship is carried out by governments for many reasons to prevent users from accessing certain sites and sharing information. It restricts Internet users from accessing certain information and also controls what can be published or viewed. It can be used in response to riots, protests and elections, since the internet makes it very easy for events like these to be organized. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet censorship or any similar topic only for you Order Now Internet censorship has been going on for the past decade and has caused rise too lot of controversy. It vanes for different countries and has become a big Issue relating to human rights and redeem. Advantages Internet censorship has many advantages. It can protect citizens from inappropriate content, for example a child will be protected from any websites showing adult content Like pornography. It can also help reduce and prevent Illegal activity. For example, illegally downloading music. It has also been initiated to prevent riots and protests, like with the Arab Spring. The Internet made spreading the news of protests and riots very easy, leading to more revolutionary acts. This caused Internet in some of these countries to be completely inaccessible at times. Another advantage is that he chance of online identity theft is reduced, which protects citizens from identity theft happening to them. The amount of spam and viruses Is also less which protects your computer. Disadvantages The main disadvantage of Internet censorship is that it restricts access to information. This violates a human right, which is to be able to gain knowledge. This could also Limit educational resources. The freedom of speech and freedom of self- expression Is also restricted, which are also human rights violations. Internet censorship gives the Government power over Its citizens since they can control what s accessible and what is not. This can allow the Government to manipulate and control people. And even if the Internet censorship is seen as good and successful, many people are able to bypass the censorship. For example, by making use of proxy servers. This defeats the whole purpose on censoring the Internet in the first place. Although It may not seem as Important, Internet censorship also widens social gaps. It makes It harder for people to communicate. Censorship systems also cost money, and if they can be bypassed by citizens this makes them a waste of money. Businesses can be negatively impacted too due to not being able to access the best resources and not being accessible themselves. Major parties Involved China has the most strict internet censorship in the world. Internet filtering and censorship in China is referred to as ‘The Great Fire Wall’. Anything discussing the Dalai Lama, Fallen Gong and general websites including Faceable, Twitter and Youth are blocked. All pornographic or politically disruptive content is deleted. Even the Internet access of individuals is monitored. They do this because of many anti-Japanese, anti-pollution, anti-corruption and ethnic riots which have been organized in the past with the use of Internet. China’s Internet police has a size of 30,000. However, some users are able to evade the controlling of the Internet by using proxy servers. North Korea Most people in North Korea are not able to get online. A small amount is able to access an internal Intranet that connects to state media, called Agamemnon, which is highly controlled and censored. Only elite members, foreign residents and visitors in special hotels are allowed full access to the Internet. The Government is in full control of all media outlets and all news comes from one source, The Korean Central News Agency. They control the Internet to be able to control the information given to residents about politics and to be able to make the leaders of North Korea (Kim Gong- IL and Kim Gong-UN) look as good as possible. Cuba Only 5% of Cubans have access to the global Internet. This is due to tight control, high costs and slow connections. 23% have access to a government intranet with limited content. Cuban Internet is out of date due to the US embargo, lack of funding ND the Government’s fear of freedom to access all information. Cuban citizens get around the censorship by using embassies, coffee shops or illegally purchasing other people’s surnames and passwords who are allowed Internet access. Iran Iran blocks many Western sites like Faceable and Twitter and anything that may oppose politics or show anything sexually explicit. A plan was announced that they were going to create their own fully monitored domestic Internet. But many people believe separating a domestic internet from the worldwide Net completely is not possible. How to cite Internet censorship, Papers

Sensors Satellite Observations and Modeling †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Sensors Satellite Observations and Modeling. Answer: Introduction: The report introduces the concept of oil slick detection. The pollution that is caused by the oil needs to be protected. The use of the SAR and MODIS imagery technique is used in order to protect the oil pollution. The oil slick is the layer or the thin film of oil that is floating in the water (Sun and Hu 2016). The repost presents the various methodologies that can be used in order to protect the oil slick. The most applicable methodology in this case is also discussed in the next section of the report. The oil slick may be caused by a number of factors such as the spilling of the oil in the ocean while carrying the oil from one place to another. The use of the oil in the industries is later secreted out in the form of gas polluting the air or in the form of liquid polluting the water. The process of oil slick detection helps in knowing and helps in the prevention of oil leakage. The use of the SAR is mostly done in order to detect the oil slicks that occur due to the various reaso ns. The report presents the literature review regarding the various oil slicks that have taken place (Zhao et al. 2014). The literature review also presents how the use of SAR and MODIS has been made in order to protect the oil slicks that are taking place. The use of remote sensing is made in order to protect the various oil slick processes. The use of remote sensing helps in the proper measurement of the water surface of the oceans and the other water bodies (Sun et al. 2016). The remote sensing offers the highest form of resolution. The use of the airborne remote sensing instrument has the fastest response to the pollution that is caused by the air. However, due to the excess expense that is involved in the airborne remote sensing the use of satellite remote sensing is made in order to check the pollution that is being caused by the oil. The various processes have the various advantages and disadvantages according to which the oil slick takes place. Lastly, the report presents th e best method that can be used for the protection of the oil slick. The above figure clearly depicts the SAR method for the four phases in the oil click detection. The figures a and b have properly demonstrated the baseline, the proposed method, the IVSaliency method and the PRSaliency method. The figures c and d have properly demonstrated the baseline, the proposed method, the SDPoISAR method and the PRSaliency method. Synthetic Aperture Radar or simply SAR is the coherent radar system that eventually uses the air path of this platform for the purpose of simulating the largest antenna or aperture electronically as well as generating the higher resolution imagery of remote sensing (Zhao et al. 2014). This particular type of radar system is mainly either space borne or airborne. Thus, the individual transmitting or receiving cycles or PRTs are completed with the accurate data from every cycle that is being stored electronically. The processing of signal utilizes the phase or magnitude over the successive pulses from all the elements in any particular synthetic aperture. This particular methodology is selected for the case study for its extra ordinary working principle and inherent advantages (Maianti et al. 2015). The increasing use of the oil has led to the increase in the amount of the oil that requires to be transferred across the seas and the oceans in order to maintain the supply of the oil. As a result of which the amount of slicks have also increased to a great extent. Thus, the importance to the detection of the measurement of the oil slicks at water bodies has increased by a great extent (Marghany 2015). The use of more shipping routes for the passage of the ships across the water bodies have made it necessary for the measurement and the protection mechanism to become more strict. The use of the remote sensing can be made in order to detect the oil slicks that are taking place. The detection process may also reduce the amount of slicks that is taking place. The remote sensing process helps in the detection of the possible oil slick that may take place. This also provides the advantage of the nature of the oil that may be slicked and the estimated quantity of the oil that may be spille d. All these information is valuable as this process helps in the detection of the damage that may be caused by the oil slick. The use of the remote sensing helps in the maintenance of the ecosystem (Pisano et al. 2016). The detection of the oil slick has become necessary as the marine life is being affected largely. The protection of the marine animals and the marine plants has become increasingly necessary otherwise the animals and the plants may lead to extinction. The remote sensing process is an important process and may be classified as the passive systems and the active systems. The passive systems refer to the use of the sensors and the detection and the emission from the various natural resources. This process takes place in the visible spectrum (Salberg, Rudjord and Solberg 2014). The other type of the system that is used is them active system. The active system presents the use of the response of the reflection from the objects radiated from objects that are artificial sources. The artificial sources may be the use of the laser and the radar systems. There are various methods that are involved in the detection of the oil slicks. The methods involve the Synthetic Aperture Radar System or SAR, satellite monitoring and the airborne monitoring. The use of the various processes depends on a number of factors. The various factors involve the use of the high temperature resolution as the nature of the oil changes and there may be temperature fluctuations that are involved (Pisano, Bignami and Santoleri 2015). A proper method for the prevention of the oil slick should have the high temperature resolution as it may be a threat to the ecosystem. The second property involve the capacity to view the image even if a thick cover is present in a particular area. The method presented should have the capacity to have the wide spectral resolution, which is important for the detection width and the position of the spectral band. The use of the spectral resolution helps in the detection of the difference in the oil and water that is adjacent to the oil. SAR method: The SAR method may be considered as one of the most efficient and the effective instrument in order to detect the slicks that occur. The use of the SAR helps in the detects the oil spill and the oil spills appear as the dark patches on the image of SAR. The SAR process is used as the spills damp the short waves. The observation that is done by SAR does not depend on the weather conditions that are the drastic weather or the change in the weather conditions or the clouds does not affect the observation (Pettorelli et al. 2014). The SAR can even work in the challenging conditions as well and gives the correct and efficient result. The various conditions may be the stormy weather, where the chances of the accident are increased. The SAR can also work in the night condition. The use of the remote sensing satellites can be made in order to check the oil slicks that taken place. The altitude, the obit and the sensor of the detection device characterize this process (Migliaccio, Nunziata and Buono 2015). The remote sensing device senses the oil slick that has taken place and makes the various reports regarding the various effects of the oil slick and how the oil slicks can be prevented. The use of the satellite monitoring helps in the extension of the range of application to large altitude.The airborne monitoring is an oil spill monitoring method that can be used in order to prevent the oil slicks that is occurring in excess. This process helps in the support of the oil spill cleaning process. There has been introduction of the large number of sensors that is included in order to sense the large number of oil spills that is involved. The use of this method helps in the detection of the potential spillers (Maianti et al. 2015). There are ultraviolet scanner, microwave sensors, laser fluorescence sensors and many other sensors that are involved. The use of these well developed and advanced sensors helps in the possible detection of the spill that may occur due to the various oil spill activities. There are multi- sensors that are involved which helps in the better detection of the oil spills. The use of these multi- sensors helps in the analysis of the data and the helps in putting forward the result of the possible oil slicks that may occur. MODIS method: The use of the MODIS method is another process that helps in the detection of the oil slick that may occur. The use of the MODIS method helps in the detection of the oil slicks. The more number of oil slicks result in the danger to the life of the aquatic animals and the plants. The use of the MODIS method helps in the detection of the images of the oil slicks that is occurring. The use of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Sprectroradiometer (MODIS) is required for the analyzing of the data and the putting forward of the data that is produced by the passive optical sensors that are present (MacDonald et al. 2015). The MODIS structure involves the use of mainly three thresholds. The three thresholds involve the by index threshold, by value and by function. The three thresholds are followed by the integration and the various applications of the algorithms that are presented in order to detect the oil slicks. The MODIS process is an efficient and effective process. As per the requirement given, the process of the SAR is the best process for the implementation of the method for the protection of the oil slick. The SAR process satisfies all the criteria that need to be met. The use of the SAR is an efficient method and the use of this method can be made in order to detect the oil skill. The use of the SAR technique can be used as the SAR process has the right amount of spectral region. Compared to the other processes the coverage area of this process is more and as a result of which this process is more effective than the other processes (Liu et al. 2013). The SAR has the capacity to serve in areas that is prone to excess weather change. In drastic weather condition as well the SAR process has the ability to work and detect the oil spill that may occur. The use of the SAR process can be made at night and day as well. It is difficult for the other processes to operate at night and this provides an added advantage to the SAR process and this is the reason why the SAR is preferred over the other processes. Literature Review The SAR and the MODIS are the two technologies that are used in this article. The main purpose of the report is to detect the oil slicks that are produced in the various regions. For the protection of the oil slicks two main methods are considered in this report. The use of the SAR and the MODIS technologies are used in order to detect these oil slicks. The SAR technology is more widely used than the MODIS technology. There are other various applications of the SAR and the MODIS. These technologies are used in other fields as well (Liu et al. 2013). This literature review presents the use of the SAR and the MODIS technology in the various other fields as well. The use of the SAR is discussed at first. The applications of the SAR technologies can be defined as: The use of SAR can be made in the field of oceanography. The use of the SAR can be made in this field as the use of SAR can be made in order to calculate the spectra of the wave, the speed of the wind and the various other characteristics that may be involved in order to calculate and predict the nature and the characteristic of the wave and the ocean. The use of the technology is often made by the meteorological department in order to predict the weather conditions that may occur (Lavrova et al. 2014). The technology can give the pattern of the waves and the various other characteristic and the condition of the ocean. The calculation of the speed of the wave helps in knowing of the condition of the weather. The use of the technology can provide the various images and the various movements of the wind, which can help in the calculation of the wind speed. The calculation of the wind speed helps in the detection whether the weather will be stormy or calm. This technology can also be ex tended to application in the calculation of the ocean currents. The use of the technology helps in the knowing the chances of the flood. Thus, the technology is helpful with respect to the fact that it can help in saving a large number of lives from the flood. The use of the SAR technology can be extended to agriculture. The use of the technology helps in the classification of the various crops into different sections and defines the various methodologies for the proper maintaining of the crop and the various other method in order to improve the growth and the quality of the crop. The SAR technology helps in the betterment of the quality of the crops. The help of the SAR technology that puts forward the various characteristic and the various properties of the soil does this (Li et al. 2013). All the requirements and the properties of the crop are suggested by the use of the technology. The use of the technology can be made in order to know the characteristics of the soil and the crops that can grow on that type of soil. The measurement of the soil moisture is made by the use of the SAR technology. The use of the SAR technology is also made in order to know the moisture of the soil. By knowing the moisture of the soil, it can be decided whi ch soil is eligible and required for the irrigation and the cultivation of the crops and for agriculture. Thus, the use of the SAR technology can help in knowing the various information about the agriculture. The use of the technology helps in the knowing of the various characteristics of the crop and the characteristic of the soil where the crop is grown. The use of the technology helps in the development of the planting structure and discusses the spatial distribution of the crop. All these information is important on the basis of which the various discussion is made regarding the use of the correct soil and the correct soil. The use of the SAR technology is the most advanced technologies whose used is made in the agricultural field. The use of this technology helps in the identification of the crop from the aspect of data and technology (Lavrova and Mityagina 2013). The use of the SAR technology is made in this case as the improvement of the various parameters relating to the agr iculture is made. The agriculture is an important sector and the use of the various insecticides and the crop production and quality has to be maintained in order to serve the people and in an healthy manner. Moving Target Indicator: The increase in the rise of the number of attacks and the number of bombing taking place has led to the invention of the large number of weapons that can detect the bombs and restrict the attacks. The use of the SAR technology is also made in the Moving target indicator concept. The use of the moving target indicator helps in the changing the operations relating to the battlefield and the bombing. The use of the GPS bomb is looking forward to the displacing of the present bomb that is in use. The use of the SAR helps in the production of the maps of the areas that ranges from a few meters to large kilometers. Thus, the use of the SAR technologies help in the detection of the various materials such as the vehicles, the ships, fences, and aircrafts that is present close to the SAR detector (Kim et al. 2015). The use of the Moving Target Indicator helps in the identification of the slowly moving vehicles, aircrafts and the helicopters. The use of these radars can sometimes even define t he type of the moving vehicle. The use of the SAR technology in the Moving Target Indicator helps in the proper detection, locating of the moving target in a proper manner. The use of the SAR technology also allows the Moving Target Indicator to even work in drastic weather conditions. The use of the present bombs that is the traditional laser bombs needs that the weather conditions is not very humid or the moisture is not present. This property is not required in the present bombs, which implement the SAR technology and can operate in any weather conditions. The use of the SAR technology helps in the proper detection and there is loss of accuracy in the measurement. The use of SAR helps in the efficient and the effective bombing of the target. The other property why the use of the SAR technology is made is that more number of targets can be handled at the same point of time. The use of the SAR technology helps in the efficient bombing even in the adverse weather conditions. A large number of targets can be managed even in the adverse weather conditions and in the night (Khanna et al. 2013). Thus the aircrafts that bomb the other aircraft can handle a large number of targets at the same time and can even operate in an efficient manner in the dark. For the efficient bombing to take place the proper detection of the target is necessary. This efficient detection even in the drastic weather conditions is done by the use of the SAR technology. The radars that is present under the Moving Target Indicator is used for the coverage of a large area and the use of the radar is made in order to detect the articles that may be present or the detection of the target and the bomb in this case. The use of the SAR in the various fields is presented and it is quite evident that the use of them SAR in the various fields have helped in the advancement of the technologies in the various fields and have also helped in the making of the work easier in the various fields (Hu et al. 2015). The application of the MODIS technology has been presented in the next part. The various applications of MODIS technology are: Monitoring of Water Quality: The use of the MODIS technology can be made in order to monitor the water quality. The use of the data that is presented by the MODIS technology is used in the controlling of the water quality. The water quality management is necessary for the management of the quality of the water. There is large number of pollution that can take place from the various sources such as the pollution from the various industries, pollution from the oil leaks taking place from the ships and the other vehicles that carry oil and the other waste materials. There are many people who use the water bodies for the washing of the utensils and the other materials which are of daily necessity (Guo, Liu and Xie 2013). The use of the water bodies have led to the excess pollution. If the pollution is not managed then there would be drastic effects that may take place such as the consumption of this water will lead to the effecting of the large number of people and the various children will also be affected. The use of the water management is thus needed in order to protect the various people from being affected by the use of the polluted water. The use of the MODIS principle helps in the detection of the pollution that may take place and may provide solutions for the prevention of the pollution that is caused by the water. The use of the MODIS principles helps in the detection of the oil slicks that may take place (Xu et al. 2016). It also provides solution and the various ways in which the industry waste may be deposited and the waste may be effectively managed. The MODIS technology helps in the prediction when the possible pollution can take place and as a result of which the prevention of the pollution of the water is possible to a large extent. The use of the MODIS technology helps in the collection of the data of the pollution caused, the type of pollutant that was responsible for the pollution in a major way. This will help in the creation of the awareness and will help in knowing the r eason of the pollution that has taken place. This will help in the restricting of the cause of the pollution from the next time (Garcia-Pineda et al. 2013). The use of the MODIS principle is made because of the presence of the high spectral resolution, which helps in the better detection of the pollutants. The other properties and the reason for the use of the MODIS principle is the short period of revisit, the fast acquisition process and the other property is the free of charge. Thus, by the implementation of these properties the pollution that is caused may be controlled and the proper water management is possible in an efficient and effective manner. The MODIS is largely responsible for the snow cover products that are produced. The MODIS presents the automated process in which the snow covers work. The MODIS snow covers are an improvement over the previous products that were used. The use of the MODIS snow cover has an much more efficient and more effective operation as compared to the snow covers that were used previously (Fingas and Brown 2014). The snow covers generated by the use of the MODIS technology involves the automated process by which the consistent data that is involved may be used and the process is carried out. The snow cover information is required by the data set that is generated by the long- term studies of the climate. The MODIS instrument involves the integration of the large number of instruments, which is necessary for the carrying out of the tasks performed by the snow cover. Thus, the use of the MODIS snow cover is an instrument that is an improvement over the previous instrument. The MODIS snow cover is responsible for the carrying out of the work in a much more efficient and effective manner. Description and Sustainability Aspect There are a number of ways in which the water bodies are getting polluted. One of the major reasons of the pollution is the leakage of the large quantity of oil into the water bodies. The process of the leakage of the oil into the water bodies is responsible by the various ways is called as oil slick. The oil slick form the major part of the water pollution. The oil slick process has to be reduced (De Dominicis et al. 2013). The article makes the mention of two concepts for the reduction of the oil slick. The two methods are the SAR and the MODIS method. The reduction of the oil slick is necessary as the water bodies form the major source of water for the domestic purpose at a number of homes. The water of the water bodies are also supplied as drinking waters at the various houses. The use of the various techniques has been made for the reduction of the pollution of the water bodies. The reduction of the pollution is necessary not only for the humans but for the aquatic animals and p lants as well. The pollution that is caused by the various agents affects the aquatic life as well. The discussion here is to be made about the pollution that is caused by the oil slicks as the oil slick forms the major part of the pollution that is caused in the water bodies (Collins et al. 2015). The formation of the film of oil blocks the sunlight from reaching the animals and plants. Both the species require sunlight to survive. Moreover, due to the formation of the film of oil the oxygen supply is also cut off as the oxygen cannot reach the plants and the animals due to which the marine life is affected. The use of the various technologies that are made in order to protect the pollution that is caused due to the slick of the oil in the water bodies is mentioned in this part. The first technology that is used is the SAR technology and the other is the MODIS technology. Both the technologies are efficient and solve the purpose of the reduction of the oil slick that is taking place. The SAR technology however is more efficient as compared to the MODIS technology. The use of the SAR technology puts forward the advantage of providing efficient and correct solutions even in drastic conditions of weather (Cheng et al. 2014). The SAR can even operate at night. The us e of the SAR can be made for a large area as the radars that are present under the SAR have a large coverage area. The large coverage area is responsible for the detection of the large number of devices or the large number of obstacles. The use of the SAR can be made in a large number of important devices. The use of the SAR tec hnology can be made in order to reduce the oil spill that is caused. By the use of the SAR methodology the oil spill predicted thus reducing the chanced of the oil spill and reducing the chances of the oil slick, which causes the pollution that occurs in the water bodies. The SAR works in the principle that the SAR works as sensors, which have the capability to capture the microwaves that are reflected from the surfaces of the various materials. The presence of the oil works as an obstacle and does not allow the microwaves to enter (Chen and Hu 2014). The microwaves that are returned are detected by the SAR sensors and it can detect the presence of a coating of oil, which puts forward the presence of the oil slick. By the use of the method of SAR the oil slick is prevented to a large extent. The other method that may be used is the MODIS method. The MODIS method is another method that is used for the detection and the prevention of the oil slick. The MODIS has the capability to provide the measurements and the calculations in the various dynamics which are done in large scale such as the cloud cover of the Earth, the processes of the ocean and the process on the land (Caruso et al. 2013). The MODIS is also responsible for the processing of the activities of the lower atmosphere. The MODIS carries out the working by the help of the on board calibrators. There are four calibrators that are present. The on board calibrators involve the in- flight calibration, the solar diffuser, the solar diffuser stability monitor and the spectral radiometric calibration assembly. The process of detection can take place through these calibrators. By the use of the MODIS method the data for the oil slicks can be collected and by the help of these data the oil slick in the future may be prev ented. In order to establish the MODIS image there are mainly three algorithm that is followed. The Thresholding by value algorithm is followed in order to detect the value of the RGB of red color. The second algorithm that is applied is to present the image of the oil spill in an accurate manner. This algorithm is known as Thresholding by Index (Bayona, Domnguez and Albaigs 2015). This process is an important part which helps in the proper image formation of the oil spill. The third and the last algorithm of the MODIS method is the Thresholding by function, which helps in the proper obtaining of the accuracy and the checking of the efficiency. This process works in the principle by the calculation of the RGB values of the green and the red colors. In case the green has a pixel less than three then the oil is detected and the detection of the oil slick is detected. By the help of the three algorithms, the oil slicks can be detected and the oil slick may be prevented. Sustainability can be defined as the process of changing where the resource exploitation, the technological development orientation, investments directions as well as all types of institutional alterations are in harmony and thus enhancing all the potential in meeting the aspirations or human needs (Maianti et al. 2015). The specific organizing principle of the sustainability aspect is the sustainable development that involves various domains like economic, social and environment. The sub domains in this sector are political, technological and cultural. For this particular case study of Oil slick detection using SAR and MODIS imagery, the sustainability aspects mainly involve the environmental changes. The detection of oil slick with the help of the two methodologies of SAR and MODIS is the most advanced step or advancement in the satellite or radar system. Although, satellites are taking down the entire world, they are providing advancements in the technology and thus providing sust ainability aspects to the society (Caruso et al. 2013). The four aspects of the sustainability in this case study are functions as well as structure of the natural ecosystems and their interactions within various radar systems or satellites. Conclusion From the report, it can be concluded that due to the oil slick there are a large number of living beings which are affected. The oil slick from the various sources affects the marine life in a large manner. The use of the various technologies is made for the reduction of the oil slick that is occurring from the ships or from the industry waste. The implementation of the various technologies is discussed in the report. The implementation of the various technologies for the prevention of the oil slick is presented in the report. The various applications of the SAR and the MODIS technology is also presented in this report. The applications are involved in the literature review. The literature review also involves the application of the MODIS technology. The two technologies are largely responsible for the reduction of the oil slicks. The various methodologies for the different technologies are presented in the next section of the report. The method from the point of view of the sustaina bility is also explained in the section. After the discussion of the various technologies that can be implemented, the best technology that can be used is put forward and the reason why the SAR was selected as the best technology to be used is also stated. The SAR has the properties that the other processes do not have. The SAR can work in conditions in which the other monitoring and detection systems cannot work. The use of the SAR is made and it is different from the other properties as the SAR technology also applies in the changing and the drastic weather conditions. The SAR can work in the same efficient and effective manner in the bad weather conditions as well. The use of SAR presents the effective and the efficient results at night, which is difficult for the other technologies to present. Thus, for oil slick detection the SAR technology is the best possible technology that can be used. The future of the SAR technology is immensely enhanced. One of the future trends in SAR technology is the lighter weights of the space borne SARs. The first space borne SAR weighted around 2.3 tons; however, the recent SAR-Lupe weights extremely less, which is around 0.77 tons. For the reduction of the weight, SAR-Lupe utilizes a fixed solar panel as well as a parabola antenna with the diameter of 3m. The various recent trends of SAR technology are platform weight, revisit time and bistatic SAR, interferometry and many more. References Bayona, J.M., Domnguez, C. and Albaigs, J., 2015. Analytical developments for oil spill fingerprinting.Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry,5, pp.26-34. Caruso, M.J., Migliaccio, M., Hargrove, J.T., Garcia-Pineda, O. and Graber, H.C., 2013. Oil spills and slicks imaged by synthetic aperture radar.Oceanography,26(2), pp.112-123. Chen, S. and Hu, C., 2014. In search of oil seeps in the Cariaco basin using MODIS and MERIS medium-resolution data.Remote sensing letters,5(5), pp.442-450. Cheng, Y., Liu, B., Li, X., Nunziata, F., Xu, Q., Ding, X., Migliaccio, M. and Pichel, W.G., 2014. Monitoring of oil spill trajectories with COSMO-SkyMed X-Band SAR images and model simulation.IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing,7(7), pp.2895-2901. Collins, M.J., Denbina, M., Minchew, B., Jones, C.E. and Holt, B., 2015. On the use of simulated airborne compact polarimetric SAR for characterizing oilwater mixing of the deepwater horizon oil spill.IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing,8(3), pp.1062-1077. De Dominicis, M., Pinardi, N., Zodiatis, G. and Archetti, R., 2013. MEDSLIK-II, a Lagrangian marine surface oil spill model for short-term forecastingPart 2: Numerical simulations and validations.Geoscientific Model Development,6(6), pp.1871-1888. Fingas, M. and Brown, C., 2014. Review of oil spill remote sensing.Marine pollution bulletin,83(1), pp.9-23. Garcia-Pineda, O., MacDonald, I., Hu, C., Svejkovsky, J., Hess, M., Dukhovskoy, D. and Morey, S.L., 2013. Detection of floating oil anomalies from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill with synthetic aperture radar.Oceanography,26(2), pp.124-137. Guo, J., Liu, X. and Xie, Q., 2013. Characteristics of the Bohai Sea oil spill and its impact on the Bohai Sea ecosystem.Chinese Science Bulletin,58(19), pp.2276-2281. Hu, C., Chen, S., Wang, M., Murch, B. and Taylor, J., 2015. Detecting surface oil slicks using VIIRS nighttime imagery under moon glint: A case study in the Gulf of Mexico.Remote Sensing Letters,6(4), pp.295-301. Khanna, S., Santos, M.J., Ustin, S.L., Koltunov, A., Kokaly, R.F. and Roberts, D.A., 2013. Detection of salt marsh vegetation stress and recovery after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in Barataria Bay, Gulf of Mexico using AVIRIS data.PloS one,8(11), p.e78989. Kim, T.S., Park, K.A., Li, X., Lee, M., Hong, S., Lyu, S.J. and Nam, S., 2015. Detection of the Hebei Spirit oil spill on SAR imagery and its temporal evolution in a coastal region of the Yellow Sea.Advances in Space Research,56(6), pp.1079-1093. Lavrova, O.Y. and Mityagina, M.I., 2013. Satellite monitoring of oil slicks on the Black Sea surface.Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics,49(9), pp.897-912. Lavrova, O.Y., Mityagina, M.I., Kostianoy, A.G. and Semenov, A.V., 2014. Oil pollution in the Southeastern Baltic Sea in 2009-2011.Transport and Telecommunication Journal,15(4), pp.322-331. Li, X., Li, C., Yang, Z. and Pichel, W., 2013. SAR imaging of ocean surface oil seep trajectories induced by near inertial oscillation.Remote sensing of environment,130, pp.182-187. Liu, Y., MacFadyen, A., Ji, Z.G. and Weisberg, R.H. eds., 2013.Monitoring and Modeling the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: A Record Breaking Enterprise(Vol. 195). John Wiley Sons. Liu, Y.Y., Weisberg, R.H., Hu, C.C. and Zheng, L.L., 2013. Trajectory forecast as a rapid response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.Monitoring and Modeling the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: A Record-Breaking Enterprise, pp.153-165. MacDonald, I.R., Garcia?Pineda, O., Beet, A., DaneshgarAsl, S., Feng, L., Graettinger, G., French?McCay, D., Holmes, J., Hu, C., Huffer, F. and Leifer, I., 2015. Natural and unnatural oil slicks in the Gulf of Mexico.Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans,120(12), pp.8364-8380. Maianti, P., Rusmini, M., Tortini, R., Dalla Via, G., Frassy, F., Marchesi, A., Nodari, F.R. and Gianinetto, M., 2014. Monitoring large oil slick dynamics with moderate resolution multispectral satellite data.Natural hazards,73(2), pp.473-492. Marghany, M., 2015. Automatic detection of oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico from RADARSAT-2 SAR satellite data.Environmental Earth Sciences,74(7), pp.5935-5947. Migliaccio, M., Nunziata, F. and Buono, A., 2015. SAR polarimetry for sea oil slick observation.International Journal of Remote Sensing,36(12), pp.3243-3273. Pettorelli, N., Laurance, W.F., O'Brien, T.G., Wegmann, M., Nagendra, H. and Turner, W., 2014. Satellite remote sensing for applied ecologists: opportunities and challenges.Journal of Applied Ecology,51(4), pp.839-848. Pisano, A., Bignami, F. and Santoleri, R., 2015. Oil spill detection in glint-contaminated near-infrared MODIS imagery.Remote Sensing,7(1), pp.1112-1134. Pisano, A., De Dominicis, M., Biamino, W., Bignami, F., Gherardi, S., Colao, F., Coppini, G., Marullo, S., Sprovieri, M., Trivero, P. and Zambianchi, E., 2016. An oceanographic survey for oil spill monitoring and model forecasting validation using remote sensing and in situ data in the Mediterranean Sea.Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography,133, pp.132-145.Pisano, A., De Dominicis, M., Biamino, W., Bignami, F., Gherardi, S., Colao, F., Coppini, G., Marullo, S., Sprovieri, M., Trivero, P. and Zambianchi, E., 2016. An oceanographic survey for oil spill monitoring and model forecasting validation using remote sensing and in situ data in the Mediterranean Sea.Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography,133, pp.132-145. Salberg, A.B., Rudjord, . and Solberg, A.H.S., 2014. Oil spill detection in hybrid-polarimetric SAR images.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,52(10), pp.6521-6533. Sun, S. and Hu, C., 2016. Sun glint requirement for the remote detection of surface oil films.Geophysical Research Letters,43(1), pp.309-316. Sun, S., Hu, C., Feng, L., Swayze, G.A., Holmes, J., Graettinger, G., MacDonald, I., Garcia, O. and Leifer, I., 2016. Oil slick morphology derived from AVIRIS measurements of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: Implications for spatial resolution requirements of remote sensors.Marine pollution bulletin,103(1-2), pp.276-285. Xu, Q., Li, X., Wei, Y., Tang, Z., Cheng, Y. and Pichel, W.G., 2013. Satellite observations and modeling of oil spill trajectories in the Bohai Sea.Marine pollution bulletin,71(1-2), pp.107-116. Zhao, J., Temimi, M., Ghedira, H. and Hu, C., 2014. Exploring the potential of optical remote sensing for oil spill detection in shallow coastal waters-a case study in the Arabian Gulf.Optics Express,22(11), pp.13755-13772.

Sparta Essays - Phalanx, Hoplite, Spartan Army, Sparta,

Sparta In the 7th Century BC a new era of warfare strategy evolved. Before this new strategy, foot soldiers (known as hoplites) engaged in battle in the form of one mob for each army which on the command of their generals runs at each other and proceeds to hack blindly at the enemy with little to no direction other then to kill the enemy in front of them. This proved to be very messy and the tide of battle depended mostly on emotion and size of an army. In the name of strategy and organization, the phalanx was developed. A phalanx is simply defined as a line formation with its width significantly larger then its depth. The depth of the phalanx is a variable which some suggest was decided by the army itself rather then by the leaders of the army. The smallest depth appears to have been that of one man deep. However this was a unique occurrence which is widely believed to be fictitious. The largest depth is that of 120 men deep which was fielded at one time by the Macedonians. On average, the depth of the phalanx appears to be about eight men deep. During the time of Alexander the Great, the phalanx was believed to be eight men deep, but some argue that it evolved into a sixteen man deep phalanx. The Spartans purposely varied the depth of their phalanx so to confuse the enemy about the number of soldiers fielded. The phalanx proved to be a very valuable weapon for the military at that time. Armies which did not adapt to the phalanx formation were quickly slaughtered. The use of the phalanx allowed the Greeks to win the Persian Wars. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Many historians believe that the development of the phalanx led directly to social changes occurring throughout Greece during the time of the phalanx's implementation. The phalanx formation allowed men to participate in the military who otherwise could not have because a much smaller investment in weapons and armor was needed to participate in the phalanx. The combined increase in the number of those participating in the army and the increase in importance of the common foot soldier lead to the common man being increasingly treated better by the ruling classes. Eventually this may have led to the invention of democracy. The most noticeable difference between ancient Greek and modern warfare is the amount of "intelligence" information. Today our military maneuvers are almost exclusively reliant on information we get from satellites, scouts, or spies in the opposition. The ancient Greeks totally ignored this area of military strategy. Countless tales of armies meeting each other by chance or armies passing within miles of each other without knowledge of the other. Intelligence information seemed to have come by chance for the ancient Greeks rather then by conscious effort. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Surprise is also an element of war which in modern times is taken very seriously and which was taken very lightly in ancient Greece. In fact there is evidence that ancient Greek soldiers raised their voices in the form of a marching song when they were told that an enemy was near and may be caught unprepared. This war song, called a paian, was also used to promote organization in the marching army so that all soldiers would march with an even step. In addition, the paian was used to promote courage and bravery. A paian was also used on ships to announce the nearness of the enemy. When the actual battle was joined the paian turned into a war cry. The Spartans often accompanied the paian with a flute or several flutes. The Spartan King would lead the paian as well. The use of the paian for attack appears to have Dorian roots. The Spartans are usually the ones associated with the use of a paian. Thucydides mentions that when the Dorians, from other city-states, started a paian when they were serving in an Athenian army, fear was struck into the hearts of the Athenians. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Finally the sizes of the armies were very different from what we are accustomed to today. We are familiar with armies of tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, or even millions. The

Important Analytical Essay Factors

Important Analytical Essay Factors Important Analytical Essay Factors An analytical essay is one of the four main essays used in academic writing. This type of essay provides a thorough examination of a piece of media and later adds a personal interpretation. Analytical essays are mainly used for pieces that are open for discussion like an opinion, quotation, poem, story, lyric, and other similar types of written literature. When creating this type of essay, the writer must aim to make their it comprehensive and engaging. This prevents the reader from becoming overwhelmed and potentially losing interest. In order to write a captivating analytical essay, here are some factors to consider: Scope and limitation. After introducing the topic of discussion, set boundaries for your areas of focus. This helps you establish the tone of your essay without having later difficulty. Cite sources. After introducing the topic, cite sources that support your argument as you expand upon or analyze each point. Sources may include author’s quotes from an interview or additional information found in reliable publications. Use sources to support your interpretation. While this part of the essay is subjective, citing sources that support your theory can help compel and convince the reader. Finish with a relative conclusion. Whether your essay supports or dismisses a particular interpretation, finish the essay by restating the author’s intention and your analysis in the conclusion. Analytical essays require time and extensive research. They benefit from a distinctive writing style with a balance of fact and opinion while keeping the reader engaged. understands that writing analytical essays require time and effort. When you need essay help, we use the most current sources and provide quality and original work. Our writing services help you lighten your academic load by providing prompt and engaging essays and other academic papers.

Transporation Services Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Transporation Services - Assignment Example Shipping lettuce from California to New York is fast using air transport and it is also very reliable to deliver the produce to the destination airport, this method of transport is available in both California through the various airline companies found in California and the numerous airstrips and airports. A big advantage of transporting lettuce, which is perishable, through is that there is minimal damages and loss since they are delivered in a very short time, this method is however very expensive to use as compared to other methods. Using rail transport is another way that lettuce can be transported to New York from California, this method is relatively fast as compared to the truck transport as it does not experience traffic jams in the cities or checks by police. Rail transport is found in both states and it is a reliable means of transport, the chances of losses of lettuce are not as many since it is not prone to hijackings, however delays on the way may cause the produce to p erish; the cost of transport using rail service is very cheap as compared to air and trucks. Using trucks to transport lettuce between the two states is very slow due to traffic jams and breakdowns, which are common with trucks, therefore not a very reliable method to use to transport lettuce. Trucks are the most available forms of transport and they are relatively cheap as compared to air but more expensive than rail, the chances of damage for the lettuce is high using trucks due to their slowness since lettuce is a perishable product. Shipping of personal computers from South Korea is faster when using air as compared to water, both of these methods of transportation are available in both countries although London you will use river Thames. Both of these methods can be used reliably to transport the goods and to be delivered at the London with minimal loss or damage, however, air transport will be more expensive than using water to transport the

Should government provide free public education to children of illegal Research Paper

Should government provide free public education to children of illegal immigrants - Research Paper Example The right can only be contested from the standpoint of reason. Based on this, lawmakers can make laws or amend the constitution 3. It is difficult to sustain, the expenses that will be required to implement the law is likely huge and American social order can be threatened IV. Conclusion The rights of children of illegal immigrants to free education accorded to citizens of the United States must be rescinded because it threatens order in American society Should children of illegal immigrants be given rights to free education? I. Introduction Offer (2012, p. 187) revealed that â€Å"undocumented children still face numerous obstacles when attempting to access public school education.† New questions have been raised on the â€Å"right of children on non-immigrant visas to enroll in school† (Ofer, 2012, pp. 187-188). Addressing the questions is important because around 12 million unauthorized immigrants live in the United States and the past 10 years has recorded an averag e of about 500,000 illegal entrants to the United States each year (Hanson, 2009). The problem of illegal immigrants appear difficult to solve as illegal immigration continues even large volume of resources have been poured in â€Å"securing US borders, ports, and airports; and since 2006, a growing rate of policies have targeted unauthorized immigrants within the country and their employers† (Hanson, 2009, p. 1). ... 11). This is specially the case when the expense is taken â€Å"relative to the potential gains from eliminating illegal entry† (Hanson, 2009, p. 11). Earlier, Hanson (2007, p. 5) also pointed out that there is even â€Å"little evidence that legal immigration is economically preferable to illegal immigration.† A related question is: should illegal immigrants be given right to free education in the same manner accorded to US citizens? II. Arguments supporting the rights of children of illegal immigrants to free education According to Ofer (2012, p. 187), â€Å"thirty years ago, the Supreme Court ruled in Plyler v. Doe that undocumented children have the same rights to access a public school education as a children who are United States citizens or immigrant lawfully admitted to the United States.† According to Ofer (2012, p. 188), â€Å"in 1982, the Supreme Court ruled in Plyler v. Doe that states must not deny the equal protection of the laws to a subclass of c hildren based solely on their immigration status, and that undocumented children have the same right as children who are U.S. citizens or immigrant children lawfully admitted to the United States.† According to Ofer (2012), based on the Supreme Court decision, the right of undocumented children to access free education in the same manner granted to citizens is guaranteed under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. According to Ofer (2012, p. 191), â€Å"the Equal Protection Clause provides that no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.† Most importantly, Offer (2012, p. 192) pointed out that â€Å"the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution is not confined to the protection of citizens† as the

CONTRACT LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CONTRACT LAW - Essay Example This however is the general rule with the courts being willing to enforce the same in certain situations. This was laid down in the case of Nordenfelt v Maxim Nordenfelt( (1894) AC 535 by Lord Macnaughten who stated that â€Å"The public have an interest in every person’s carrying on his trade freely; so has the individual. All interference with the individual liberty of action in trading, and all restraints of trade themselves, if there is nothing more, are contrary to public policy and therefore void. That is the general rule. But there are exceptions; restraints of trade and interference with individual liberty of action may be justified by the special circumstances of a particular case. It is a sufficient justification, and indeed the only justification, if the restraint is reasonable- reasonable, that is, in reference to the interests of the parties concerned and reasonable in reference to the interests of the public, so framed and so guarded as to afford adequate protec tion to the party in whose favour it is imposed, while, at the same time is in no way injurious to the public...† It is in this light therefore that Dr. Smith’s contract of employment needs to viewed. Prima facie section 10 of her employment contract is void and her bosses at BUPA will not be able to rely on it. If however, they can prove that they fall within one of the exceptions that the court has laid down they will be able to successfully rely on the said action and prevent Dr. Smith from starting her new job. For Dr. Smith’s bosses to succeed it is not enough that they show that the clause is reasonable between the parties. They must also prove that the clause is reasonable in the public interest. It is noteworthy that The burden of showing that a covenant is in the interests of the parties lies with the employer. The onus of proving that it is contrary to the public interest lies with the employee: Kores Manufacturing Company Limited v Kolok Manufacturing Company Limited [1959] (CA) Ch D 109.2 We will look at the first aspect in detail over the next few paragraphs. In deciding whether or not the section 10 of the employment contract in question is reasonable between the parties the courts will look at (a) whether the clause protects a legitimate interest of the employer and (b) is whether or not the clause is reasonable in terms of subject matter, locality and duration. When looking at whether a restraint of trade clause protects the legitimate interest of the employer the court has looked to see if the employer has â€Å" some proprietary right, whether in the nature of a trade connection or in the nature of trade secrets for the protection of which such a restraint is†¦reasonably necessary†.3 The courts have further said however that an employer is not entitled to protect himself against the use of the â€Å"personal skill and knowledge† acquired by the employee in the course of the employer’s business. Su ch skills belong to the employee and he is free to exploit them in the market place.4 In the Dr. Smith’s case the BUPA bosses will succeed in their action if they are able to show that they would

The Internally Displaced Persons Criminology Essay

The Internally Displaced Persons Criminology Essay Chapter 2 Internal Displacement has long been a concern of the international community due to its significant implication in international humanitarian engagement especially that it has far reaching and multifaceted consequences to the displaced. It indiscriminately affects human condition and interaction whether it is political, economic or social. It has been observed that displaced persons, especially the more vulnerable groups, are placed in helpless positions and often experienced human rights violations, discrimination and loss of social and economic rights (Turner, 2000; Kellenberger, 2009). In addition, the reality of insufficient or lack of IDP data as proven in the Southern Mindanao can be a hindrance to the humanitarian efforts to address the plight of the IDPs . This is attributed to poor access to comprehensive and updated data on internal displacement. In fact, the need to quantify data is proven to be a major and methodological challenge to all humanitarian actors (Norwegian Ref ugee Council, 2002). As such, there is a need of IDP profiling to determine the degree and accurate numeral account of displacement. In turn, patterns could emerge from these data that can be used to forecast or influence future decision of migration and provide sufficient response to the situation of the IDPs. Data Profiling The first step in responding to the plight of the IDPs is identifying them. The process of collecting data of IDPs is called IDP profiling which is defined in the Guidance on Profiling internally Pisplaced Person (2008) as the collaborative process of identifying internally displaced groups or individuals through data collection, including counting, and analysis, in order to take action to advocate on their behalf, to protect and assist them and, eventually, to help bring about a solution to their displacement Prior to the released of the said guidelines by the Norwegian Refugee Council, each displacement monitoring agencies have their own criteria on what are necessary and what should be included in their reports. This leads to some inconsistency and lack of data (Acketoft, 2008; Ferris, Cernea, Petz, 2011) which posed problems in synchronizing data during analysis and further comprehension on the nature and vulnerabilities of IDPs as shown in recommendations of various studies regarding IDPs. The said IDP guidance released by the Norwegian Refugee extensively promotes proper collection of information as it cites a list of what are the necessary variables needed to consider and this includes the number of displaced persons, disaggregated by age and sex and location/s, the place where displacement happens. Whenever possible, additional information could be included, but not be limited to: cause(s) of displacement, patterns of displacement, protection concerns, humanitarian needs, and potential solutions for the group/individual, if available. IDP profiling is one of the bases of the government agencies on how to do their duty as the primary responsible in securing the lives and welfare of the people. It is because reliable data is necessary for country strategies and operations, fund raising and advocacy. Better data is therefore a means to improve the humanitarian response After all, core data is essential for good planning of humanitarian assistance and protection. Since IDP profiling is merely identification of existing IDPs and their circumstances, the consolidation of IDP data is essential to be able to maximized available data and the next step after IDP profiling. In consolidating IDP data, the analysis during this stage will show the true scenario of the plight of the IDPs and from it derived a clear comprehension of their vulnerabilities and needs. Internally Displaced Persons To be able to properly do IDP profiling, it is essential to first comprehend what is an Internally Displaced Persons or IDPs. Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) are persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights and natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border (Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, 1998). The description provided by the GPID (1998) highlights two elements: the range of movement and the nature of movement.  The former means that the IDPs move within the country and remain in the jurisdiction of the national government. Meanwhile, the latter describe the situation of IDP and the causes of displacement. IDP move away from their normal place of residence because of several factors beyond their control such as armed conflict, generalized violence, human rights violations and disasters. All the factors have something in common; they are threat to the survival of the people in their previous place of abode and many, with no choice, thus compelled to move sometimes to the unknown. Walter Kà ¤lin (2008), one of the framers of GPID, in his book entitled Annotations of the Guiding Principles he noted that the above description is not a legal definition since being an IDP does not bestow a legal status since there is no need for it. This is because the rights and guarantees of the IDPs are already inherent in their character as a human being and as habitual citizens of their countries. More than that, the government is primary responsible to their well being since its duty is to safeguard the rights of its citizens. Types of IDPs IDPs can be systematically categorized into two distinct types based on the cause of displacement: conflict induced and environment induced IDPs. Conflict Induced IDPs Conflict induced IDPs are describe as people who were forced to flee due to threat of or active armed hostilities, generalized human rights violation in their area of residence. These people are in danger due to the armed hostilities that may be international (between at least two states or between government and national liberation) or non-international (between armed groups or between government and armed insurgents) in scope. If not, the danger may lie behind internal tensions and disturbances that fell short of armed conflict but still involve violence perpetuated by armed insurgent groups and/or government agents to instill or maintain peace in their area of habitat. In conjunction, the government and/or armed insurgent groups may transgress the rights of these people guaranteed by the national and international human rights law and may or may not endanger their life or freedom through persecution. These factors inflict fear upon these residents and thus forced them to move to o ther place to seek refuge (Kà ¤lin, 2008). Environmentally Induced IDPs The UNHCR has define the environmentally displaced persons as those who are displaced from or who feel obliged to leave their usual place of residence, because their lives, livelihoods and welfare have been placed at serious risk as a result of adverse environmental, ecological or climatic processes and events (Gorlick 2007) as quoted in Forced Migration Policy Briefing 1 (Boano, Zetter, Morris, 2008). It should be noted that the aforementioned definition of environmentally induced displacement has made no reference regarding cross-border movement so the movement of displacement can be within the country or have cross international borders. This study will refer the environmentally induced IDPs as people who flee within the borders of their country due to negative environmental activities and disasters that may be natural or human made such as landslides, flash floods, typhoons, and fire, which perilously endanger their life and their material and economic possessions. Vulnerabilities of IDPs IDP primary concern during displacement is a place to stay due to the fact that they lose/ left their house and other material possessions. They have left their residence to search for a place where in their physical security and integrity can be protected. In addition, they are often deprived of means to restore self-reliance and, subsequently, develop tendency to depend on humanitarian assistance since they lack access to livelihood and work opportunities . Most of them are sheltered in evacuation centers wherein most of the times are crowded. They became prone to illness such as diarrhea, pneumonia and other communicable diseases due to unsanitary condition and congested situation which sometimes lead to death (Philippines: Death and Disease IDP camps, 2009). Another concern is the loss of documents essential for receiving benefits or recognition before the law carried away by typhoon, storm and the like or left behind at home where theyll be at risk if they return to recover it. Without these essential documents, IDPs may be denied of basic services Out of these misfortunes, IDPs experienced a disruption or, in some cases, destruction of their social organization since the family members was separated or disrupted. In addition, there is sometimes reorganization in the family, wife or the eldest child becoming head of the household with the death or disability of the husband or the parents, which aggravates the condition of the IDPs. Vulnerable Sectors Among the IDP population, there are several sectors namely children, women, elder and persons with disabilities, who requires special attention due to their special circumstances (Birkeland, 2009). Internally Displaced Children The Guiding Principles of Internal Displacement and in tandem with the Convention of the Right of Children guaranteed the rights of children from prohibition of their enslavement, use in forced labor and participation or recruitment in armed hostilities. The Principles has also laid down the childrens rights to family life which means they have the right to be reunited with their family and to education. However in reality, children are at high at risk to be conscripted in armed hostilities, most commonly by insurgent or terrorist groups. They are  highly  susceptible  to be  exploited as porter or domestic servants or slaves. Even in environmental induced displacement,  they, especially unaccompanied minors,  can still be exploited  to sexual violations and likely to be neglected and trafficked The 2010 IDMC report on Internal Displacement also said that recruitment remained a grave and particular risk for many internally displaced children. It was seen that recruitment is a form of livelihood for some IDPs facing poverty. IDP camps and informal settlements continued to be prime recruiting grounds, as children there were relatively densely gathered, often without access to education (particularly those of secondary-level age) and unable to engage in other livelihood activities. Children are often exposed to high risk of physical violence and attack when travelling to and from school. Displaced children were also unable to access education because of fees, damaged infrastructure, and other displacement-related factors in 27 countries in 2010 . Moreover, children also lost their identification documents essential to receiving benefits or recognition before the law. Governments and institutions may deny them the services such as enrolment to school, medical services and claim to their properties since they cannot produce legal documents. Internally Displaced Women Women are  entitled  to protection against violence and exploitation, equal access to humanitarian assistance, services and education, and participation in decisions affecting them as explicitly stated in the Principles (Kà ¤lin, 2008). They are very vulnerable and needed to be protected from gender-based violence and sexual exploitation. In some cases, the wife has to replace their husband as breadwinner of the family especially during conflict wherein her husband may or may not die or left disabled. Besides, pregnant women do need special care due to their condition and the trauma of displacement only aggravates their condition. In the displacement, they are highly susceptible in risk delivering of a child because according to the UN Population Funds (UNFPA) Philippines country director, Suneeta Mukherjee, They are very vulnerable because they cant stop from delivering when their time comes. The number one problem is that the whole thing could be septic, the mother and the bab y could get infected and die. Vulnerability of women, such as single mothers and girls, are increasing due to domestic violence among other threats, and the lack of assistance reaching people with special needs. The high rates of trauma and anxiety, particularly among women and children, are more likely caused by the exposure to violence and grief over the death of loved ones . The status of internally displaced women has still remained difficult even though the efforts by international agencies are extensive. In all countries, displaced women who have become heads of households have had to support their children and older members of their family without a steady income, relying on piecemeal support. In merely providing adequate food, not to mention housing, health care and other services, burdens the displaced women in dealing with it . Elderly Displaced Persons   The elderly can have great difficulty in accessing humanitarian assistance. Moreover, they are most likely unable to flee quickly during conflict or disaster and unable to properly protect themselves from harm during times of conflict. Even among them, elderly women are more vulnerable. In some countries where the elders are eligible to receive state pensions, elders are unable to claim their entitlements due to lack of documentation. Additionally, they can easily succumb to illness while fleeing or in evacuation camps According to David Hutton (2008), Older people have often been overlooked in disasters and conflicts, and their concerns have rarely been addressed by emergency programs or planners. Until recently, older peoples needs in disasters and conflicts were addressed only by broader adult health and humanitarian programs. This has changed as several recent emergencies highlighted this populations vulnerabilities. Internally Displaced Disable Persons Disabled Persons are often easily separated from their families and find themselves left on their own. They are very prone to exhaustion and malnutrition due the difficulty of travel to safety and even in evacuation camps. Besides, they are predisposed to be discriminated or be subject to degrading treatment due to their disability. Moreover, the Relief Web report compiled on February 29, 2012 stated that, The problem is that those who are physically weak can hardly go to evacuation centers and access humanitarian aid. Its paradoxical, but it is often those who need it the most who struggle to receive assistance.(Briefing Kit for Philippines (the): Bringing Humanitarian Relief to, 2012) Humanitarian Assistance Historically, displacement has always been one of foremost causes of humanitarian engagement since the start of international humanitarian system. The displacement may endure for days, months and even decades. As such, the USAID recognizes in its Assistance to Internally Displaced Persons Policy that IDPs have needs that can be systematically divided into four phases: emergency phase, care and maintenance phase, reintegration and transition phase, and long term development phase. Emergency Phase Emergency phase is the period of displacement of the IDPs. In this phase, IDPs usually require basic necessities since they are most likely unable to bring emergency supplies due to the upheaval. In their condition, IDPs need immediate help or assistance that typically consists of shelter, food, water, clothing, medical assistance, sanitation systems, and protection (USAID, 2004). Care and Maintenance Phase Care and maintenance phase is the period where IDPs are somewhat settled in evacuation camps or temporary settlement. In this phase, IDPs tend to need access to education, trauma counseling, family tracing, protection from exploitation. Usually at this stage, IDPs are particularly vulnerable to exploitations and in need of protection since illegal recruiters can easily persuade the members of the families to work in abusive jobs since they are in desperate need of source of livelihood. During this phase as well, humanitarian agencies must prepare the IDPs to eventual return to their home through training and support for self reliance Reintegration and Transition The transitional reintegration phase is the period wherein the IDPs are either returning back to their residence prior to displacement or resettlement to a new area of residence. In this phase, IDPs often need transportation back to their home, protection from involuntary return, help to reclaim their land and rebuild houses and businesses, assistance for demining, support to establish accountable local governance and stronger civil society, and programs to reconcile lingering ethnic or political tensions and safeguard the rights of female-headed households. During this phase of transition and reintegration, IDPs often go back to their homes and find their properties destroyed or occupied by others. The damaged infrastructure devastated local economies, weak civil administrations, simmering social and political tensions, and lingering security risks that left behind by the conflict or disaster adds to their vulnerability. Furthermore, conflicts may erupt again exposing the returning IDPs in yet again vulnerable situation. Some IDPs never return home and must resettle permanently in new communities when their home prior to displacement is no longer feasible for habitat Long Term Development Phase In the long-term development phase, IDPs who have returned home or resettled permanently into new communities need assistance to construct or repair water systems, health systems, schools, and transportation routes. Resettled IDPs also need access to vocational training and business or agricultural loans and inputs. Population displacement can negatively affect stability and the longer-term development prospects of a nation. Prolonged displacement typically disrupts or reverses progress made in schooling, healthcare, food production, sanitation systems, infrastructure improvements, local governance, and other sectors fundamental to economic and social development. Failure to address the long-term development needs of previously uprooted population risks new cycles of national instability and population displacement Global trend In the current state of this research the proponents have an access only on disaggregated data of conflict-induced and environment- induced IDPs. Additionally, in effect of late recognition unlike conflict induced displacement which has numerous of monitoring agencies, environmental induced internal displacement has no long history of annual systematically collected and analyzed data base . When adding up the figures of conflict-induced IDPs and environmentally induced- IDPs featured in the website and annual reports of Internal Displacement Monitoring Agency (IDMC), the result is as shown below, although fluctuated in 2009, the number of IDPs remain considerably high. Figure 1. Global Trend of IDPs in millions (2007-2011) Philippines trend of IDP One of the biggest contributors on the abovementioned global estimation of internally displaced persons is the Philippines. In the last decades there are already millions of people who have been internally displaced by armed conflict and human rights, specifically during military operations against Muslim and Communist insurgencies as stated by IDMC. In addition, the numbers of IDPs is fluctuating but never goes lower than 20,000 since 2000. As of 2009, there are at least a total of 750,000 people or maybe more, were displaced in the fight between Armed forces of the Philippines (AFP) and MILF (DSWD, 15 May 2009). Even during the ceasefire between AFP and MILF in July 2009, there were still hundreds of thousands of people living collectively in centers and camps known by the government as evacuation centers, relocation sites and with host communities . Aside from internal conflicts, the country is also geographically situated at the western edge of the Pacific Ocean and sits on the ring of fire which is  prone to geologic and natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions seasonal typhoons, storms and flash floods (World Atlas). Since it frequently encounters natural disasters, this consequently caused displacement, at times in large scale with hundreds of thousands displaced in a single event. For instance in 2009, the Typhoon Ondoy displaced a total of 500 000 people while the typhoon Pepeng was another 500 000 . Moreover, the Center for Research and Epidemiology Disasters (CRED) disclosed that the  Philippines rank first in 2010 as the most  hazard prone country in the world (See, 2010). Region XI: Traces of IDP The Region XI: Davao Region as well accounted several traces of displacement. The New Peoples Army (NPA), communist military group, established fifteen NPA fronts in this region, totaling roughly 800 fighters. Based on several news articles they employed ambush, kidnapping, arson, extortion and liquidation of anti- NPA civilians as methods to pursue their vision. As such, the government conducts series of military operations to weaken the presence, to stop the above stated activities and capture the rebels. As a result mass displacement occurred in fear of being caught in crossfire or being misidentified either NPA or military supporters. For instance, in April of 2007 hundreds of families evacuated as a result of pursuit operations done by military in Brgy. Manay, Panabo City after NPA raided the Davao Penal Farm (Bwaga, 2007). Also, as cited in country displacement profile NDCC estimated that there are 2,060 people displaced at the end of April 2009 in Talaingod, Davao del Norte (I DMC, 2009) Besides the aforementioned military operations in the region, the Davao region is vulnerable too to environmental disasters. The Geo Hazard maps of MGBXI showed landslide and flood prone areas and almost all provinces are at risk to landslides and susceptible to flashfloods. The graphs below show the numbers of sitios/ barangays and numbers of families per province that is vulnerable to mass displacement due to flashflood and landslides in 2009. For instance, the Mines and Geosciences Bureau in region XI (MGBXI) declared Sitio Panganason as no habitation zone due to recurring landslide since 2007. Another is that the flashflood in Matina-Pangi, Davao City forced 3000 families to flee their homes and sought refuge in evacuation centers (Tesiorna, 2011). Figure 2. Sitios/Barangays susceptible to Mass Figure 3. Families susceptible to Movement due to Flashflood Landslides displacement due to Flashfloods and Source: MGB XI Landslides Issues of the IDP Data Despite the pursuit of various organizations, both international and local, in the collection of data of the IDPs, there are still various anecdotes that imply the difficulty of generating accurate data on IDPs. In fact, there is a poor access to a comprehensive and updated data regarding IDPs and even if there is such access, public distributed information is often difficult to validate with regards to origin and reliability (Norwegian Refugee Council, 2002). The same sentiment was implied by IDMC in their course of gathering statistics of IDPs. Since population movements in Mindanao are observed to be frequent and official registration has been incomplete, according to IDMC, these made reliable figures on the number of IDPs hard to come by. Besides difficulty in gathering data, Integrated Regional Information Network (IRIN), as cited (IDMC, 2011), has also noted that there are existing discrepancies in the IDP reports between the governments and international organizations. In particular, the Philippine government usually issues the lowest figures which can be misleading. In addition, despite the number of IDPs tallied, the phenomenon of internal displacement is still largely disregarded in the region. An anecdote about one RDMMRC director, who stated that there is no IDP in Davao in the aftermath of the Matina-Pangi flashflood, comes into mind. Moreover, the IDP phenomenon in the Davao region is overshadowed by the internal displacement in other regions. Hence, there is a need to acknowledge existing internal displacement in the region so that the concern of the IDPs can be properly responded. There are only various incident reports that can be easily accessible but there is no consolidated data and established trend a vailable to the public. Indeed, the need to quantify IDPs is a major practical and methodological challenge that needed to be prioritized by humanitarian actors. Monitoring Agencies International organizations such as IOM, IDMC, ICRC, USAID, and governmental agencies like NDRRMC, and DSWD take data profiling seriously to improve their humanitarian activities and lessen the human suffering around the world. IOM International Organization for Migration is an international organization committed to uphold a humane and orderly migration that benefits all. It is a leading international agency working with governments and civil society to advancement of the understanding of migration issues, encourage social and economic development through migration, and endorsement of the human dignity and well-being of migrants as reflected in its credo. IOM works to help ensure the orderly and humane management of migration, to promote international cooperation on migration issues, to assist in the search for practical solutions to migration problems and to provide humanitarian assistance to migrants in need, be they refugees, displaced persons or other uprooted people (IOM, 2012). Currently, climate change is an emerging threat to human security. As a response, IOM has three main objectives in facing this threat. First is to prevent forced migration resulting from environmental factors, as much as possible through reducing vulnerability and promoting adaptation to environmental and climate changes such as disaster risk managements. Second is to provide assistance and protection to affected populations, and seek durable solutions. Lastly is to facilitate migration as an adaptation strategy to climate change. To fulfill these objectives, IOM conducts several activities such as offering a forum for  policy  dialogue among states and NGOs, undertaking extensive research, conducting operational activities like humanitarian response and developing comprehensive strategies to better manage environmental migration and to address potential impacts of migration on the environment with the cooperation of partners like government and both international and local NGOs (IOM, 2012). Above and beyond, designation of an institutional focal point for internally displaced persons by the government is important. By designating an institutional focal point for internally displaced persons, the government demonstrates a clearest recognition of national responsibility for responding to internal displacement. It facilitates coordination on the issue and cooperation both within government and with local and international partners to ensure that the needs of internally displaced persons are not overlooked. This is the rationale on the reason why governments, such as the United States government and Philippine government, create institutional focal point for internally displaced persons or adds that responsibility to agencies in charge of social developments in their country. IDMC The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) is a leading international body monitoring internal displacement worldwide established in 1998 by the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) at the request of the United Nations. It runs an online database  that provides comprehensive information and analysis on internal displacement in countries around the world. It contributes to improving national and international capacities to protect and assist the millions of people around the globe who have been displaced within their own country as a result of conflicts or human rights violations as well as by natural disaster. In 2009, IDMC has started publishing annual global estimates of the worldwide scale of internal displacement caused by sudden-onset disasters. They are developing knowledge of the nature and patterns of displacement over time caused by different types of disasters. They are highlighting the specific rights and needs of displaced populations and the vulnerabilities of women, children and men who are particularly at risk. Other than that, they are raising awareness, building capacity and contributing to the development of policies and guidance for national and international actors in order to advocate for the protection of disaster-displaced populations (IDMC, 2011). Through the IDP database, reports and other publications, the IDMC promotes awareness and concern to the IDPs, points to gaps in the response of governments and the international community, and promotes durable solutions in line with the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement ICRC The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), established in 1863, works worldwide to provide humanitarian help for people affected by conflict and armed violence and to promote the laws that protect victims of war. It is an independent and neutral organization wherein its mandate stems essentially from the Geneva Conventions of 1949. The ICRC works primarily in situations of armed conflict and other situations of violence. In situations of armed conflict, IDPs are first and foremost civilians, and thus at the core of the ICRCs mandate. It is the ICRC that constantly reminds the parties to conflict of their obligations to protect the civilian population, as set out in the core rules of international humanitarian law. Also, they play significant roles during natural and human-made disasters by providing aid to the victims of natural disasters, both through the local work of the member Societies themselves and through the Federations international support for that work. In fact, they were entitled as the worlds largest provider of humanitarian aid. They act before, during and after disasters and health emergencies to meet the needs and improve the lives of vulnerable people. (ICRC, 2010). USAID The US Agency for International Development (USAID) is an agency of the United States government that has special interest in the protection of the IDPs. As one of the principal international donors in the field of internal displacement and humanitarian protection, USAID is driven by humanitarian and development concerns as well as political and security considerations. This is reflected in October 2004 when USAID adopted its Assistance to Internally Displaced Persons Policy, becoming the first donor organization to ever issue a policy statement regarding internally displaced persons. The specific purpose of the Policy and Implementation Guidelines is to ensure that a broad, integrated approach is used to reduce the human costs of population displacement and that long-term development is not reversed. This is done by providing assistance programs ranging from early emergency phase to long-term development phase. It is also responsible for ensuring a coherent response from the US gove rnment and the international community. In addition, it acknowledges particular characteristics of IDPs such as their lack of specia